﻿OBOROIA. 



OEOROIA. 



•Aerwanl* nnrth, •iitl *£»!■> mat, iind eot«n the Ka bntwrni Ameli* 

 and CumberlaiHl UluuU, after • oouraa of 1 10 mile*. The AUUiuaha 

 mo* throujsh Um central diatrioU of Qeoi^ ; it U formed by the 

 riren Oamolne and OoonM, both of which riae toward* the centre of 

 the hilly region, near 34* N. Ut, and nin to the eaat of aouth for 

 aboTe '200 miles, nearly parallrl to each other, at a mean diatanoe of 

 40 miles. Haring puaed the parallel of 34° the Oomolgee tama 

 east, and juina tlw Ooonea near SO* N. Ut The river thiu formed, 

 called Alatomaha, flowa first east and aflerwiinU benda to the south- 

 east, until it emptiea itaelf in the ocean between 3t Simons and Saih<11o 

 islands. It* oourse is above 100 miles, and the whole length of the 

 rirer upwards of SOO miles. Lwger Teasels can only ascend this river 

 to Darien, but boats of SO tons are navigated un the Oconee to Mill- 

 edgeville, and an equal distance up the Oomnlgee. The Savannah, 

 the chief river of the state, ri»« on the most southern declivity of the 

 Appalachian range, and runs in all ita course, including the windings, 

 nearly 450 miles soutb-south.«ast, forming in all this distiince the 

 bounilary between Oeorgia and South CaroUua. It is navigable for 

 large veswis to the city of Savannnh, nnd for steamers of light draught 

 to AuguKta. There are numeroim other streams of smaller size but 

 of oonaideraUe importance as supplying ample water-power. 



The only canals in the state are two short ones — the Brunnwick 

 Canal, 12 miles, running from Brunswick to the Alatamaha Uiver; 

 and the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal, 16 miles, which unites those 

 rivers, but is not now used for purpoeea of navigation. 



Beaidea the numerous good ooach-roads which traverse the state, 

 Oooigia possesses a large number of excrllent railways, the whole 

 extent completed and in operation amounting to about 1000 miles, 

 while charters have been obtained for about 700 miles more. The 

 two great tnmk-lines run from the ports of Savannah and Charleston 

 inlaiKl to Chsttanooga in Tennessee, where they unite and join the 

 Tenneatee iTstem of railways. From these main trunks numerous 

 braoohea direrge at various points. The following are the lines opened 

 and at work in 18S4 : — Central (Savannah to Macon), 192 miles; Mill- 

 edgeville and Gordon, IT miles; Waynesborough and Augusta, 51 

 miles ; Maoon and Western (Macon to Atlanta), 101 miles ; Oeorgia 

 (Angusta to Atlanta), 171 miles, with Athena branch, 40 miles, and 

 txanch from Camak to Warrenton, 4 miles ; Western and Atlantic 

 (Atlantic to Chattanooga), 140 miles ; Home to Kingston, on the 

 Western and Atlantic railway, 20 miles ; Dalton to Knoxville (Eastern 

 Tennessee and Georgia), 82 miles; South- Western (Macon to Ogle- 

 thorpe), 71 miles ; Muscogee (Columbus to Butler on the South- 

 western line), 50 miles; and Lagrange (Atlanta to West Point), 87 

 miles. 



Oeotoffg, Mineralotfy, i-c. — The northern part of Oeorgia, occupied 

 by members of the Blne-RidKe range of the Appalachian Mountains, 

 is composed mainly of plutunic and metamorpbic rocks. The primary 

 formations, chiefly of the mica-schist system, cross the state in a north- 

 west and south-east direction, having a breadth of ISO miles at the 

 northern and 100 milea at the southern limit. They conaist of gneiss, 

 quartz, limestone, and carboniferous rocks, ftc. Transition formations 

 ooeapy the north-western angle of the state. South of the above 

 JonnationB, and extending into the middle of the state, occur chiefly 

 rocka of the cretaceous aeriea. The whole aontfaem and eastern 

 half of the state consists of tertiary deposits, comprising the exten- 

 sive plain which riaea very gradually from the Atlantic westward for 

 some 100 to ISO miles. 



Gold and iron are the most important minerals. The gold is fouiid 

 in the quartz rocks of the north-west. Iron-ore occurs in several 

 variaties in different parts of the state. On both sides of the Etowah 

 River, and extending south-west into Paulding county, and north-east 

 throa^ Cherokee oountv, are very extensive beds of good iron-ore, 

 •mbraidng, as far as yet known, a width of over 40 miles, along which 

 ni u nero u s faniaaes are in operation. Hematitio iron-ores also occur in 

 the BortJt-weatam part of the state of conaiderable extent ; and in the 

 gnaiM formatioos are magaetio iron-ores of great purity. Specular 

 ores ara found in several plaoca. Veins of sulphate of barytee occur 

 of great extent In the extreme north-western angle beds of coal are 

 fonad. Limestone ia worked largely, as are also gypsum and marl, 

 for manure. Ornnite, marble, limestones, Ac, are quarried to a great 

 extent for building pur[ic>w». Millstones are obtained &om the hills 

 dividing the plain from the northern districts. 



Climalt, Soil, Prodm«tiaiu.^The climate of a country extending 

 over more thaa fmir de gi ses of latitude, and whose northern half is 

 savatal hundred feet more rievated than its southern districts, must 

 of eomae pr seent great varistie*. The hilly region in mtber cold in 

 winter, rroat is oif oommoo occurrence, and snow sometimes falW to 

 the depth of flvs or ttx iadies. But t h es e districts are very henlthy. 

 The pbio aparaacbas in ita climate the tropical regions of the globe. 

 It is unhealthy on the bottoms of the rivers, and along the *ea-ooast 

 in the vicinity of stagnant water. The heat in summer is very great, 

 and the thermometer sometimes rises to 08* or even 1 02° : its common 

 range ia betweea 70* and 90' in this season. In winter the thermo- 

 mairr ranges bstwss u 60* and 40*, and sinks oooaaionally lower. The 

 waallier bowevar ia then dry and constant, and this is conxidersd the 

 moet healthy tnd pleasant acaaon of the year. The raius ara most 

 frrqriput in Spring. 



1 he great difloresce in the climate produce* a coireaponding differ- 



ence in the pro<luctiona In the southern and south-weKtem diotrict* 

 the temperature is suitable to the sugar-cane, orange, olive, fig, pome- 

 granate, tc Agriculture however is mostly limitad to maize, sweet 

 potatoea, ootton, rice, tobaooo, and indigo. The swamp and tide lands 

 produce vast crop* of rice. Adjoining these lands are the oak-lands, 

 on which blaok-aeed ootton is largely raised. The hilly region 

 reaembles, in climate aa well as in products, the countries of Middle 

 Europe. The greatest part of the plain is covered with several kind* 

 of the pine, a tree whion extenda also over the higher portion of the 

 hilly region in vast quantities ; and here tar, pitch, and turpentine 

 are hugely manufactured. The middle regions produce tobacco, 

 cotton, and grain. In the northern parts, known aa Cherokee-Oeoi^gia, 

 the valleys are remarkably fertile ; aome ootton is grown, but thi* is 

 peculiarly a grain district; the mountain slopea afford excellent 

 grazing ground. Along the sea-ooaat aa well aa on the bottoms of the 

 rivers, oak, hickory, ash, palmetto, and some other trees are common. 



Bears and deer are numerous in the forests and near the swarape. 

 Alligators frequent the Alatamaha and other rivers. Honeybees are 

 frequent in the swamps east of Fliut River. The rivers abound with 

 several kinds of fish. 



The following are the principal results of the inquiries made 

 respecting the agricultural statistics ft the state at the Ust Census. 

 The number of farms under cultivation in the state on the 1st of 

 June 18S0 was 51,759; the extent of improved land in farms was 

 6,378,479 acres, of unimproved 16,442,900 acres. The cash value of 

 farms was returned at 95,753,445 dollars, of farming implements and 

 machinery 5,894,150 dollars. The total produee of the principal 

 crops in 1850 was as follows : — Wheat 1,088,534 bushels; rye, 53,750 

 busheU ; maize, 30,080,099 bushels ; oats, 3,820,044 bushels ; barley, 

 11,501 bushels; rice, 38,950,691 lbs.; potatoes, 227,379 bushels; 

 sweet potatoes, 6,986,428 bushels ; peaa and beans, 1,142,011 bushels; 

 tobacco, 423,924 lbs. ; ginned cotton, 199,636,400 lbs. ; wool, 

 990,019 lbs. ; hay, 23,449 tons; cane sugar, 1,642,000 lbs. ; molasses, 

 216,150 gallons. The value of orchard products was 92,776 dollars, 

 and of market-garden products 76,500 dollar*. Very little wine is 

 made. Only a small quantity of hops and flax ia grown. 



The number of horses in the state in 1850 was 151,331 ; asses and 

 mules, 57,379 ; milch cows, 334,223 ; working oxen, 73,286 ; other 

 cattle, 690,019; sheep, 560,435; swine, 2,168,617. The value of live 

 stock was 25,728,416 dollars; of animals slaughtered, 6,339,762 

 dollars. The products of animals w^re, butter, 4,640,559 Ibe. ; cheese, 

 46,976 lbs. ; bees'-wax and honey, 732,514 lbs. ; silk cocoons 813 lbs. 



Mcmufacturet, Commerce, <tc — Owing to the abundant supply of 

 water-power furnished by the hill-streams in the northern part of the 

 state, and especially in Cherokee-Oeorgia, manufactures have increased 

 rapidly of late years. At the census of 1850 there were returned 

 28,715 free males above the age of 15 as employed in trade, com- 

 merce, and manufactures, and 83,362 employed in agriculture. The 

 whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the 

 value of 500 dollars and upwards, in 1850 was 1407. Of these 35 

 were ootton factories, employing a capital of 1,736,156 dollars, and an 

 average of 873 male and 1399 female hands — but the number of cotton 

 factories has since been much increased; 3 woollen factories; 140 

 tanneries ; and 10 iron-works. The other principal establishments 

 consist of flour-, saw-, and paper-mills, boot and shoe manufactories, 

 agricultural implement-worlu, &o. The home-made manufutures of 

 the year were valued at 1,838,968 dollars. 



But a small portion of ihe produce of (Georgia is exported directly 

 to foreign countries. The great bulk of its produce is shipped coast- 

 wise by vessels belonging to the northern states to northern ports, to 

 be thence exported to foreign parts. The whole of the commerce of 

 Georgia is centred in Savannah, but a large portion of the produce of 

 Western Georgia is shipped at Appalnchicola in Florida. The shipping 

 owned by the state in 1850 was 21,690 tons, of which 10,437 tons 

 were employed in the foreign trade ; of the remainder, 0479 tons were 

 navigated by steam-power. Only one vessel, of 322 tons burden, was 

 built in the state in 1852. The value of the articles of domestic 

 produce exported from Oeorgia in 1850 was 7,551,943 dollars, in 1852 

 it was 4,999,015 dollars; the imports in 1850 amotmtcd to 636,964 

 dollars, in 1852 to 474,925 dollars. The total entries in 1850 were 

 118 of 67,017 tons burden, of which 71 of 45,134 tons were foreign. 

 The clearances were 141 of 72,563 tons, of which 83 of 51,624 tons 

 were foreign. 



2>tri>ton>, Tovmt, <tc. — Oeorgia is divided into 94 counties. Mill- 

 edgeville is the political capital of the state, but Savannah is the most 

 important town. Besides these there are few places of much conse- 

 quence ; the following are all which call for notice here : the population 

 isthat of 1850:— 



Mitledgantif, the capital, is situated on elevated ground at the 

 head of the navigation of the Oconee River, in 33° 7' N. lat, 83° 19' 

 W. long., 642 miles S.W. from Washington : population 2216, of 

 whom 1020 were slaves. The city is laid out on a regular plan, the 

 streets being at right angles to each other. Washington, the main 

 avenue, is 120 feet wide; the others are each 100 feet wide; and 

 there are three public squares, each of which has ita sides 450 feet 

 long. The principal building is the state-house, a handsome gothic 

 edifice occupying a lofty site near the centre of the city. The other 

 chief public buildings are — the governor's house, state arsenal and 



