﻿GUERNSEY. 



GUILTCR0S3. 



The building, a large and commodious structure in the Tudor colle- 

 giate style, was completed in 1S29 at a cost of about 11,000^ The 

 college has an income from endowment of 701. a year, and the states 

 further provide 200L or 3001. a year. There are two exhibitions for 

 four years. The number of scholars in 1852 was 95. 



Guernsey and the Channel Islands generally must have been known 

 to the Romans, but the only mention of them in any ancient writer 

 is in the Itinerary of Antoninus, and it is difficult to identify the name') 

 there given with the several islands. Before the year 1035 Nigellius, 

 or Ndel, Viscount of St.-Sauveur, was lord of ha.ll Guernsey, aud the 

 six churches in his moiety belonged to the abbey of Marmoutier, at 

 Tours. The other half of Guernsey belonged to Earl or Duke Robert 

 of Normandy. In his moiety were five churches which belonged to 

 the abbey of St. Michael ; but one of these, that of St. Tugdual of 

 Herm, appears to have belonged to the abbey of Cherbourg. The 

 Channel Islands were included in the duchy of Normandy, and are 

 the only relics of that dichy which remain to the English crown. On 

 more than one occasion the islanders withstood and repelled the 

 attacks of the French. In the great civil war the Channel Islands 

 embraced the king's party, and were not subdued until after the death 

 of Charles. 



The primeval antiquities, or relics of the ante-Christian period, are 

 numerous in the island. Several cromlechs remain in different places. 

 The finest is that known as the Druids' Temple, which stands on an 

 eminence near L'Ancresse Bay, aud consists of five very large stones. 

 There are also some cairns, and there was formerly a logan, or, as it 

 was called here, a Roc Balan. The cromlech at L'Ancresse was 

 explored in 1837 by Mr. Lukis, who found about forty urns of different 

 sizes, with many fragments of broken pottery, besides unbumt human 

 bones. In the cromlech Du Tus, in the parish of the Vale, Mr. Lukis 

 found two vertical kneeling human skeletons. Other cromlechs 

 examined by the same skilful antiquary yielded stone-hammers, 

 arrow-heads, and other relics. Of these remains Mr. Lukis has a fine 

 collection at his residence near St. Peter Port. An admirable account 

 of the ' Primeval Antiquities of the Channel Islands ' was contributed 

 by Mr. Lukis to the ' Archsoological Journal,' voL i. In the 10th 

 century Guernsey is said to have been called the Holy Isle, on account 

 of the number of monks and hermits who inhabited it, and several 

 monasteries were founded here ; a few vestiges of these remain, but 

 of the ecclesiastical remains at present existing the churches are the 

 chief, and none of these require further notice. The principal fortress 

 in the island baa always been Cornet Castle, which appears to have 

 been founded about 1204. Comet Castle has undergone many sieges, 

 and has been the scene of many gallant exploits. The present castle 

 is a rather pictnresque structure of very different dates. It is still 

 maintained in a defensive state : it stands on a small islet off 

 St Peter Port. The Marsh Castle, or as it is frequently called Ivy 

 Castle, north of St. Peter Port, erected in 1306, is now a ruin. Of 

 Vale Castle, north of St. Sampson's Harbour, only a few fragments 

 remain. 



Depeadencitt of Guemtty : Aldtmey, Serk, ffcrm, and Jethou. — Of 

 Aldemey an account is given elsewhera [Aloeb.ney.] Serk, or 

 Sercq, the next in size to Aldemey, is about 6^ to 7 miles E. from 

 Guernsey : the population in 1851 was 580. Its greatest dimension 

 is about three miles from north to south, its greatest breadth is about 

 a mile and a half ; but it is so contracted near the centre of the island 

 that it may be regarded as consisting of two parts, one of them called 

 Ijttle Serk, connected together by a high and narrow ridge or isthmus 

 called the Couple. The coast is indented on every side by small bays 

 ctdled by the islanders ' boutiques ' (shops) ; and is so girt with cliffs 

 that there is no way of landing on the i^and but by scrambling up 

 the cUSs, or ascending by a tunnel cut through the solid rock in the 

 little harbour of Creux, on the north-east side of the island. The 

 eastern shore is Uned with rocks running far out into the sea. The 

 western aide of the island belongs for the most part to the trap and 

 ■cbiatoae formation ; the eastern side to the granite formation. On 

 the west side of Serk, separated from it by a narrow strait, is the 

 idand of Brechou, or Brecbnou, otherwise the He des Marchands, 

 •bout a mile and a half round. 



The land in Serk is generally under tillage. The manure used is 

 Timic^ or sea-weed. The produce consists of wheat, barley, oats, 

 twans, potatoes, and parsnips. From the indivisibility of property, 

 the iqclosurea are larger than in the neighbouring islands. There are 

 many good orchards, which produce abundantly. The farms scarcely 

 average more than fifteen acres, and as this does not afford sufficient 

 occupation for the farmer and his family all the farmers are fishermen 

 also. The farmers are their own boat-builders, and the little harbour 

 of Creux, protected by a pier or breakwater, forms the building yard. 

 Cows are very generally kept, and butter made, some of which is sent 

 to Ouenuey. 



The island, in civil, military, and ecclesiastical afiairs, is a depend- 

 ency of Guernsey, but a power of making local enactments is vested 

 in the lord of the manor and the forty copyholders, who form a little 

 parliament that meets three times in the year. Serk is called Gers 

 by the French. 



//r.rm is within two miles and a half of Guernsey ; its greatest length 

 is from north to south about a mile and a half, the greatest breadth 

 scarcely exceeds half a mile : the population in 1861 was 46. The 



island is composed of gneiss and granite. It has one little harbour 

 near the old granite quarries. 



Jethou, lies half a mile S.W. from Herm, and two milea and a half 

 from Guernsey ; it is less than half a mile long and about a quarter 

 of a mile broad : the population in 1S51 was 3. It is considerably 

 elevated in proportion to its extent, and the sides are precipitous, 

 except at one spot. It is chiefly composed of gneiss. The island has 

 been purchased by the government for purposes connected with the 

 construction of the harbour of refuge at Jersey. 



(Dicey, Berry, Jacob, and Duncan, Histories of Guernseij ; Barbet 

 and Redstone, Guides to Guernsey ; Tupper, Cornet Castle ; Inglis, 

 Channel Islands ; Parliamentary Papers ; Cummimicaliona from 

 Guernsey.) 



GUIANA. [Guyana.] 



GUICOWAR. [Hindustan.] 



GUILDFORD, Surrey, a market-town, the capital of the county, a 

 municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, is situated on the right bank of the river Wey, in 51° 14' 

 N. lat., 0° 34' W. long., distant 29 miles S.W. from London by road, 

 304 miles by the South-Western railway, and 42 miles by the South- 

 Eastern railway. The population of the borough was 0740 in 1S51. 

 The livings are rectories in the archdeaconry of Surrey aud diocese 

 of Winchester. The town is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 coun- 

 cillors, one of whom is mayor, and returns two members to the 

 Imperial Parliament Guildford Poor-Law Union contains 20 parishes 

 and chapelries, with an area of 64,461 acres, and a population in 1851 

 of 25,054. 



The town of Guildford is situated in that depression in the North 

 Downs through which the river Wey p;is3es. Alfred the Grciit in his 

 will bequeathed Guildford as a royal demesne to his nephew Ethel- 

 wald. In 1036, in the reign of Harold I., Alfred, son of Ethelred II., 

 was seized here, and his Norman attendants massacred to the number 

 of nearly 600. The keep of a castle of Norman date stands on an 

 eminence on the south side of the town. Guildford has sent two 

 members to Parliament since the 23rd Edward I. The bridge over 

 the Wey is a handsome structure of five arches. The town is well 

 paved, and is lighted with gas. The old town-ball, or guild-hall, is a 

 large building surmounted by a turret, and having a clock projecting 

 into the street There are a corn-market aud court-house of neat aud 

 handsome appearance, and a neat theatre. The county house of 

 correction is about a quarter of a mile from the town ; there are 

 extensive barracks on the site of an ancient Dominican friary. St. 

 Mary's church, on a declivity to the south of the High-street, is a 

 curious edifice, chiefly of chalk, very ancient and rudely built. Trinity 

 church, situated in the higher part of the town, was rebuilt of red 

 brick about the middle of the last century. St Nicholas church is 

 an ancient structure, mdely built of chalk and flints, with an inter- 

 mixture of stone. It has a low embattled western tower entirely of 

 stone, and some good lancet windows. The Baptists, Independents, 

 and Wesleyau Methodists have places of worship. The Free Grammar 

 school, founded in 1509 and chartered by Edward VI. in 1553, is fi-eo 

 to 10 boys, sons of inhabitants, and has au income from endowment 

 of more than lOOi. a year, and an exhibition of Zil. per annum, 

 tenable for six years, for either Cambridge or Oxford University. 

 There are 4 masters ; the number of scholaj-s in 1861 was 53. The 

 school-house is an ancient and spacious building. In the Blue-Coat 

 school about 50 boys are educated ; of the scholars 22 are on tho 

 foundation, and receive clothing every second year. There are also 

 Lovejoy's Charity school, National, British, and Infant schools, and 

 a savings bank. The Guildford Institute has a museum, with a 

 library, and reading and lecture rooms. Abbot's Hospital, or Trinity 

 Hospital (erected and endowed by Archbishop Abbot, a native of 

 Guildford), is a quadrangular building in the Elizabethan style. 



There are in Guildford paper-mills, powder-mills, corn-mills, 

 breweries, brickfields, coach-works, and an iron-foundry. The timber 

 trade is extensively carried on. There are markets on Wednesday 

 and Saturday — the market on Saturday is a good coin-market A 

 weekly lamb-fair, or market, is held on Tuesday, from about Easter 

 to Whitsuntide ; and there are fairs for cattle aud horses on May 4th 

 and November 23rd. The Midsummer quarter-sessions for the county 

 are held here, and the summer assizes alternately with Croydon ; the 

 quarter sessions for the borough, and the petty sessions. A county 

 court is held in Guildford. 



Stoke, a village situated about a mile N.N.W. from the town, may 

 be regarded as a suburb of Guildford. Half a mile south of the town, 

 on a hill to the left of the Godalming road, are the picturesque ruins 

 of St. Catherine's chapel. 



(Manning and Bray, Surrey ; Brayley, Surrey.) 

 GUILDFORD. [Coknbcticot.] 

 GUILLESTRE. [ALi'Ea, Hautks.] 



OUILTCROSS, a hundred in the county of Norfolk, which has 

 been constituted a Poor-Law Union. Guiltcross hundred is bounded 

 N. and W. by the hundred of Shropham, E. by the hundred of Diss 

 and S. by the county of Suffolk; it comprises 12 parishes aud a small 

 extra-parochial district, with an area of 28,340 acres, and a population 

 in 1851 of 7446. Guiltcross Poor-Law Union, which is much more 

 extensive than the hundred, contains 21 parishes and townships, with 

 an area of 41,676 acres, aud a population in 1861 of 12,468. 



