﻿117 



HAARLEM. 



HADDINGTONSHIRE. 



H 



TTAARLEM, HAERLEM, or HARLEM, a city in the Dutch pro- 

 -'■■'■ vince of North Holland, stands on the Spaaren, a small 

 stream which runs into the Y, 4 miles from the shore of the North 

 Sea, in 52" 23' N. lat., 4° 38' E. long., and has 24,000 inhabit- 

 ants. It is connected by canals with all the principal towns in 

 Holland, and by railway with Amsterdam and Leyden, from which it 

 is respectively distant 12 and 13 miles. Haarlem ia famous for its 

 resistance to the Spaniards in 1572, and for the cruel treatment of its 

 citiaena-by the son of the Duke of Alva after their sui-render. The 

 town is well built; the streets are clean, planted with trees, and 

 traversed by numerous canals. It contains 9 Catholic churches, one 

 of which, the cathedral of St-Bavon, is the largest church in Holland, 

 and celebrated for its great organ ; there are besides 5 Calvinist 

 churches and 1 Lutheran. The finest building in the town is the 

 Stadbuis, or town-house, which stands on one side of the market-place. 

 The Prinzenhof, in which the states-general of Holland formerly met, 

 is now converted into a museum of arts, antiquities, medals, and pic- 

 tures. The venerable gateway over the high-i-oad to Amsterdam is 

 an interesting relic of the old fortifications of the town. The public 

 walks on the site of the ancient ramparts are exceedingly agreeable. 

 Haarlem, besides many other benevolent institutions, has an academy 

 of sciences, a botanic garden, a public library, a national normal 

 school for schoolmasters, and an institution (named Teylerian from its 

 founder, a rich merchant of the town), which comprehends an esta- 

 blishment for the poor, a society of natural history, valuable collec- 

 tions, and an observatory. The Ubrary boasts of the early produc- 

 tions of Laurence Coster, a native of this town, for whom tbe 

 Dutch claim the invention of the art of printing. The neigh- 

 bourhood of the town is studded with han<lsome country seats, and 

 laid out in gardens. In the southern suburb of Haarlem are the 

 famous nursery flower-gardens, which formerly supplied a great part 

 of Europe with tulips, hyacinths, and other floweia There are large 

 steam-driven cottuu-mills, and also extensive bleaching establishments 

 here, which formerly supplied large quantities of linen to England, 

 whence the article came to get the name of ' Holland,' as coming from 

 that country. Silk, cotton, velvet, ribands, linen, soap, laoe, carpets, 

 and threail are among the principal manufactures. There is also a 

 celebrated type-foundry for Oreek and Hebrew letters. 



The Lake of Haarlem, which has been recently drained, lay S.K of the 

 town ; it was 14 miles long, 10 miles broad, and 14 feet deep, between 

 water and mud. The mud of tbe lake was manufactured into valuable 

 bricks called clinkers. Tbe lake was drained in 1849, 1850, and 1851 

 by steam-engines, and its area, amounting to nearly 60,000 acres, con- 

 verted into arable laud. 



HAARLINGEN. [Frieslasd.] 



HABESH. [Abtssi.sia.] 



HACKNEY, Middlesex, a suburb of the metropolis, and the seat of 

 a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of St. John, Hackney, is situated in 

 61° 32' N. kt, 0° 8' W. long. ; distant two miles N. by E. from 

 Sboreditch church. The population of Hackney sub-district in 1851 

 waa 20,850 ; that of the entire parish 53,589. The livings are in the 

 archdeaconry and diocese of London. Hackney Poor-Law Union 

 comprises two parishes, with an area of 3950 acres, and a population 

 in 1851 of 58,424. 



Hackney, properly so called, has one principal street, known as 

 Hare-street and Church-street; and some other streets, containing 

 many good houses, soma of them of old date, this having been one of 

 the places first selected for rural retirement by the wealthy merchants 

 and traders of London. St. John's parish church, a large plain 

 brick edifice, was rebuilt in 1797. It has a stone tower, but as this 

 was incom|>etent to bear the bells, the tower of the old church has 

 been allowed to remain in the churchyard. Besides the parish church 

 there are the district chapels of Stamford Hill, St. Philip, Dalston, 

 St James, Clapton, St. Barnabas, Homertou, and Ram's chapel, 

 Uomerton. South Hackney and West Hackney have each district 

 I>arish churches. Subordinate to the rectory of West Hackney is the 

 chapylry of 8U Peter's, De Beauvoir Town. Homertou College, rebuilt 

 some years ago for the education of Congregational ministers, is now 

 the Normal School of the Congregational Board of Education. At 

 Clapton are a neat iron bridge called Lea Bridge, over the Lea, and a 

 handsome building erected for the London Orphan Asylum. In 

 Hackney parish are about 20 places of worship for Independents, 

 Baptists, Wesleyan Methodists, and othrr Dissenters. There are also 

 several National, British, and Infant schools ; a literary and scientific 

 institute ; and a savings bank. Among other institutions are the 

 Cumberland Benevolent Institution; tbe Penitent Female Refuge; 

 the Elizabeth Fry Refuge; the London Orphan Asylum; the New 

 Asylum for Infant Orpluuis at Stamford Hill ; and the boy's establish- 

 ment of the Children's Friend Society, which is at Hackney Wick. 

 There are two Proprietary Urammar schools ; one connected with the 

 Church of F.ngl»nH luid 64 scholars in 1852. A Theological seminary 

 for ludependsDta had 12 students in 1862. Several ranges of alms- 



houses are in the parish ; among them is ' the Retreat ' for twelve widows 

 of Independent or Baptist ministers. Dyeing, calico printing, and 

 some other manufacturing processes are carried on in the parish ; and 

 there are considerable brick fields. The Regent's Caual and the Leu 

 navigation pass through the pai'iah. At Hackney m a station of the 

 North- and South-Westera Junction i-aihvay. 



HADDENHAM. [C-vmbridgeshire ; Buckinghamshire.] 



HADDINGTON, the chief town of Haddingtonshire, Scotland, a 

 j royal and parliamentary burgh and market-town, is situated on the 

 I suiall river Tyuo, about 16 miles E. from Edinburgh, with which it 

 is connected by the North British railway, in 56° 58' N. lat., 2° 46' 

 W. long. The population of the municipal burgh in 1851 was 2887 ; 

 that of the parliamentary burgh was 3883. Conjointly with North 

 Berwick, Dunbar, Jedburgh, and Lauder, it returns one member to 

 the Imperial Parliament Haildington lies at the foot of the Giirlton 

 Hills, which shelter it on the north. The town is connected with 

 the suburb of Nuugate by a stone bridge of four arches over the 

 Tyne. The streets are paved, and lighted with gas. The pari.sh 

 church is a venerable gothio structure, with a square tower 90 feet 

 high. There are also in the town a chapel of ease, a Free church, a 

 chapel for Episcopalians, two chapels for United Presbyterians, and 

 two for ludependents. Besides the Parochial school, there are an 

 Endowed Grammar school, a mechanics institute, several libraries, a 

 saviuLjs bank, and several benevolent and friendly societies. The 

 town-house has a lofty spire, and the county buildings form a hand- 

 some structure. A considerable trade ia carried on in wool. There are 

 tanneries, and works for preparing bones and rape-cake for manure. 

 The Haddington market is one of the lar^'est wheat markets in 

 ScotlantL Extensive nurseries are in the neighbourhood. 



HADDINGTONSHIRE, a maritime county in the east of Soot- 

 land, one of the three counties wliich are designated the Lothians, 

 and commonly called East Lothian, is boundeil W. and N.E. by the 

 German Ocean, N.W. by the Frith of Forth, S.W. by Edinburghshire, 

 and S. and S.E. by the Lammermuir Hills, which are partly in Ber- 

 wickshire. It lies between 55° 47' and 56° 5' N. lat., 2° 22' an<l 

 3° 1' W. long. The extreme length of the county from east to west 

 is about 26 miles, and the extreme width from north to south is 1 7 

 miles. The area is 291 square miles, or 185,937 statute acres. The 

 population in 1851 was 36,380. The county returns one member to 

 the Imperial Parliament 



Coiutline. — The coast is generally low and rocky, the numerous 

 small bays with which it is indented being often sandy, fiat, and 

 shallow. At Preston Pans is a small harbour. At Aberlady Bay, 

 where the Pefler river falls into the Frith of Forth, vessels of 60 or 

 70 tons can enter at spring-tides. This is the port of Haddingtou, 

 but its trade is extremely trifling. North Berwick is the most 

 northerly port on the coast. On the north-eastern coast of the county, 

 the only harbour is that of Dumbab. The Bay of Belhaven is sandy 

 and shallow. Eastward to Dunbar the coast is a series of low rocky 

 ledges. The coast-line is diversified by the sandy outlets of the small 

 streams which here fall into the Frith. Northward from Belhaveu 

 Bay, towards North Berwick, the coast is low and sandy, with the 

 exception of the rocky promontories of Whitberry Head and Ravens- 

 heugh Craig. The small islands of Scarr, the Bass, Cruigleith 

 Lamb, and Fidra off the north coast belong to the county. The 

 northern coast is elevated ; at Tantallan the cliffs rise to the height 

 of 100 feet 



Surface, Hydrography, Communications. — The surface of the county 

 is extremely diversified, though not mountainous. It rises from the 

 coast of the Frith of Forth in a series of parallel ridges towards the 

 southern boundary, in which are the Lammermuir Hills. North 

 Berwick Law is 800 feet, and Trapraine Law 700 feet above the sea. 

 The only river of any importance in the county is the Tyne, whose 

 source is in Mid-Lothian, a few miles west of Haddingtonshire. After 

 entering the county it receives from the hills in the south the Armot 

 Water and the Salton and Gifford Waters, which drain the south- 

 west district of the county. It passes Haddingtou and falls into the 

 sea about 3 miles west of Dunbar, after a course of rather more than 

 20 miles. It abounds with trout, eels, and small salmon. The other 

 rivers, or ' waters,' as they are termed, are the Coalstone, Biel, White- 

 water, and Fastna, on the south of the Tyne, and the Peffer to the 

 north. The turnpike roads of Haddingtonshire are generally kept in 

 good repair. The coast is traversed by the North British railway, 

 which has small branches to North Berwick and to Haddington. 



Geology, Mineralogy, <kc. — The old red-sandstone formation is that 

 of a considerable portion of the county. It) generally rests upon 

 transition rocks, and ia covered by the coal formation. Quartz, in 

 grains, is the chief ingredient, either joiaed together without a basis, 

 or groLmd, or imbedded in a red-coloured clay. The Lammermuir 

 range is composed principally of grauwacke ; the position of thu 

 strata is nearly vertical. 'Che Garlton Hills consist of a sort of clink- 

 stone, apparently contemporaneous with North Berwick Law an 1 



