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HADDINQTONSHIRE. 



HAQUK, TUK. 



»0 



TnpniiM. The harbour of Duobar is in a rad-coloured trap rock, 

 which fomM a aiogle bnl of great thickneaa. South-east of the hiu-bour 

 tlie eoaat oonaiata of old rrd cooglonierated aandatone, trap-tufa, and 

 givaulooa rock. The lower strata of the aandstODe are caloaraoua, 

 oontaining the impressions of animals and vegetables. Whitberry 

 Head, towards the sea, presents a precipitoiu fi^nt, from 40 feet to 

 60 feet in height It consists of basalt, with crystals of hornblende, 

 red and grMn trap-tufa impropiated with lime, clinkstone, and clink- 

 stone porphyry. North Berwick Law is composed of trap-tufa, above 

 which is amygdaloid ; the middle and upper parts of the hill being a 

 variety of clinkstone-porphyry, and the summit-rook clinkstoue-por- 

 phyry, intermixed with crystals of augite, forming a transition into 

 greenstone. The clinkstone is occasionally columnar. The western 

 part of the county contains excellent coaL 



ClimaU, Soil, J ffrieulture.— The varying elevation of the different 

 districta oceaiions a comHpouding variation in the climate, and there 

 is probably no county iu Scotland in which so many varieties of 

 temperature occur. The harvest is frequently three wedcs or a month 

 earlier in the northern than in the southern districts. Towards the 

 coast the snow soon disappears, but in the uplands it lies long on the 

 ground, and the highest parts of the Lammennuir are occasionally 

 covered with it during a fourth part of the year. The vegetation is 

 comparatively early. 



In the north-western part of the county the prevailing soil is pro- 

 ductive, and consists of a light rich loam with a substratum of clay. 

 In the Lammermuir district the soil is principally moor or moss, 

 though in the glens and fiats which instersect the mountains it is of 

 ("uperior quality. In the upland district, which extends along the 

 foot of the Lammermuir Hills nearly the whole length of the county, 

 tiw loil is a gravelly loam resting upon a dry bottom, but it has been 

 rendered comparatively productive. The midland district, through 

 which the river Tyne fiows, contains a considerable variety of soil, 

 nearly the whole of which is extremely valuable, and principally 

 arable. 



Haddingtonshire holds a high rank in respect of agriculture and 

 produce. The farmen of this county have a good character for intel- 

 ligence and skill in farming. Wheat is the principal grain cultivated, 

 though large crops of beans and oats are likewise raised. Barley is not 

 much cultivated. The turnip crops are generally excellent. The breed- 

 ing of sheep and cattle has been extended, and the amount of pasture- 

 land increased. In the lowland and midland districts the more usual 

 practice is to purchase and fatten for the Edinburgh market : in the 

 Lammermuir district the breeding of live stock is the chief business 

 of the farmer. The short-homed or Teeswater breed of cattle is that 

 most in &vour. The Leicester and Cheviot breeds of sheep are those 

 principally reared. Drainage is carefully attended to. The farms 

 average firom 800 to 600 acres each, and are held on lease for terms of 

 fipom 19 to 21 years. 



IHvi$umt, Towns, At. — The county town is Haddikoton. The 

 other principal towns in the county are KoBTH BlBWlCK and 



DclfBAR. 



The following villages may be mentioned : — 



Aberlady, on the bay of that name, population of the parish 1099 in 

 1851, is a small and neat village. In the neighbourhood is Bullencriefif, 

 the seat of Lord Elibank. Cockemie, population about 1000, is a 

 fishing village in Tranent parish, which has furnished many of the 

 crews for the whale fishery. The fishermen here and at Portseton, an 

 adjoining village, have about 30 boats, varying from 7 to 15 tons 

 burden. At Co<^enne is a harbour which has a depth of 16 feet 

 water at high tide. There are considerable salt-works on the coast. 

 Oxford, population of the perish 1202 in 1851, a neat and well-built 

 village, situated on the waier of Oifibrd, at which a market for agri- 

 cultural produce and several fain are held during the year. Oifford 

 was the birth-place of John Knox. Prt$t(mparu, a fishing village and 

 ■mall harbour, population 1640 in 1851, is near the west boundary of 

 the county. In the neighbourhood Sir John Cope was defeated by 

 tba Bighlandm under Prince Charie* Edward. The inhabitants are 

 diiafly eogaged in the oyster fishery. Salt is manufactured. Soap- 

 m t Mn g and tile-maldng furnish considerable employment. There is 

 a brewery. Prestonpana is an old barony ; the old village cross is 

 still preserved, and is the scene of an annual festivity. Tranent, 

 population 2096, a populous village in the parish of that name. The 

 iahabitanta of the village are engaged in agriculture and in the manu- 

 ftetor* of salL There u a laige Free school In this parish is one of 

 tlM onlr two remaining stone-roofed chapels in Scotland. It is an 

 intenattng spedmen of the architecture of the close of the 14th 

 oeotury. 



BiMory, Antiquitit$, 4ic. — Haddingtonshire has been the scene of 

 some important evente in Scottish history. It was inhabited by the 

 Ottadini at the time of the Roman invasion ; and when the Romans 

 left it WM taken pcasaadon of by the Saxons, and formed part of the 

 kingdom of Notthombria. It waa ceded to the HcottiHh king in the 

 begnining of the 11th century. The siege of Dunbar is a well-known 

 •vent Somerset held the county in 1647, and it remained with the 

 Biu^h till 1690. Qaeen Ifair took refoge both at Seton in Tranent 

 nandi aod at Dunbar. The whole county was held by Cromwell, and 

 It was the scene of the first victory of the rising in 1745. Numerous 

 remains, both of the early British oocupatlvn and of that of the Romans, 



exist in different parts of the county. There are numerons oaatle* 

 of tlio feudal times, some of which are in a goo<l state of preservation. 

 Of these may be mentioned the castle* of Dunbar, Tantallan, once 

 the residence of the Douglasses, the castles of Dirieton, Luflbeas, 

 Hailes, the residence of Queen Mary and Bothwell, &a Throughout 

 the county are numerous residences of landed proprietors. 



Sttttitlict of Religion amd Sdueation. — In 1851 the county contained 

 49 places of worship, with 17,160 sittings. Of these pUces of worship 

 22 belonged to the Established Church, 15 to the Free Church, 

 8 to the United Presbyterian Church, and one each to Episcopalians, 

 Independents, Roman Catholics, and Mormons. The number of day 

 schools was — public 52, with 4009 scholars ; private 18, with 837 

 scholars. The number of Sabbath schools was 50, with 2764 scholan ; 

 of these Sabbath schools 23 belonged to the Established Church, 20 to 

 the Free Church, 6 to United Presbyterians, and 2 to other bodies. 

 There was 1 subscription library in the county in 1851, namely, the 

 Gifford Subscription Library, which had 24 membera, and had 850 

 volumes in its library. 



HADLEIGH. [Essex.] 



HADLEIGH, Suffolk, « market-town in the parish of Hadleigh, is 

 situated on the left bank of the Bret, a feeder of the Stour, in 52° 2' 

 N. lat, 0" 57' E. long.; distant 10 miles W. by .S. from Ipswich, 

 64 miles N.R from London by road, and 69j miles by the Hadleigh 

 branch of the Eastern Union railway. The population of the town 

 in 1851 was 8338. The living, a rectory, is a peculiar of the diocese 

 of Canterbury. Hadleigh has some interest as the place of martyrdom 

 of Dr. RowUmd Taylor, burned in the persecution under Queen Mary. 

 A stone with an inscription marks the spot on the neighbouring 

 common. The town consists of a principal street, and lessor streets 

 branching from it. The church, which is chiefly of perpendicular 

 date, is large and handsome, with a tower and spire and two south 

 porches. There are chapels for Independents, Baptists, and Wesleyan 

 and Primitive Methodists ; National, British, and Infant schools, and 

 a range of 12 almshouses with a chapeL There is a neat corn-ex- 

 change, or market-house. A good com and general market is held 

 on Monday, and there are two yearly fairs. A county-court is held. 

 There is a savings bank. Some of the inhabitants are employed in 

 weaving and ailk-winding. {Communication from Hadleigh,) 



HADLEY. [Middlesex.] 



HADBIA PICENUM. [Abbczzo.] 



HADSTOCK. [Essex.] 



H-iEMUS. [Balkan.] 



HAFOD. [Cardioanshtbe.] 



HAGLEY. IWobcestebshire.] 



HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 'sOravenhage; in French, La-Haye), a 

 large and beautiful city, the capital of the Dutch province of South 

 Holland, stands in 62° 4' 50" N. lat, 4° 18' 32" E. long., at a distance 

 of 2 miles from the North Sea, 37 miles S.W. from Amsterdam, and 

 13 miles N.W. from Rotterdam by the railroad which connects these 

 cities. It is not fortified, but is surrounded with a moat crossed by 

 drawbridges. It is ranked as one of the finest cities in Europe on 

 account of its stately buildings, its broad and regular streets traversed 

 by csnals, and its pleasant, dry, and healthy situation. Many of the 

 streets are planted with rows of trees and paved with coloured bricks. 

 The finest parts of the town are the street called Voorhout, which is 

 lined with trees, and contains several splendid hotels, and the Vyver- 

 berg, a sort of square, with a fine avenue of trees on one side, and on 

 the other a spacious basin of water, backed by magnificent buildings. 

 Among the public buildings are— the royal palace, a building of little 

 pretension ; the palace of the Prince of Orange ; the Buitenhof, which 

 contains a gallery of pictures ; the town-hall ; the brass-cannon 

 foundry; the theatres; and the state^prison. The Binnenbof, on one 

 side of the Vyverberg, contains a magnificent gothic hall, the only 

 remaining portion of the original residence of the counts of Holland. 

 The other parte of the building are used as chsmbers by the states- 

 general and as public offices. Between the Binnen and Buitenhof 

 (inner and outer courts of the old counts' palace) is an old gateway 

 called Gevangepoort (Prison-gate), from which the De Witts were 

 dragged and torn to pieces by the populace in 1672. The Maurita- 

 HuiB contains the finest collection of paintings by Dutch masters in 

 the world, a vast collection of Chinese and Japanese products and 

 curiosities, besides numerous historical relics. The Royal Library iu 

 the Voorhout contains 1 00,000 volumes, and a collection of 34,000 medals. 

 John De Witt's house in the Kneuterdyk, a short distance from the 

 Gevangepoort, above mentioned, is historically interesting. Among 

 the 14 churches are 8 Dutch Calvinistand 1 Roman Catholic There 

 are also 2 large synagogues, numerous charitable and scientific insti- 

 tutions, and fine private collections of pictures. On one side of 

 the town there is a canal constantly covered with vessels, and 

 on the other a fine wood of oaks called the Bosch, in which is the 

 country palace of Uie royal family, with a fine collection of pictures 

 and extensive gardens. There an numerous elegant villas in the 

 environs, and on the west of the town is Scbeveningen, a neat fishing 

 village, which has become of late yean much frequented for sea- 

 bathing. Between that and the Hague is a fine avenue of oaks, beeches, 

 and limes. 



The Hague owes its origin to a hunting-seat built by the cotmts of 

 Holland in 1260, and the Dutch name.^s Qravenhage, is said to be 



