﻿IIAIGH. 



HAINAULT. 



taken from the circumstance that houses came to be erecttd along the 

 iuclosure surroundiug the Counts' PaikCsGraTenhage, Counta' Hedge;. 

 In the 16th century the Hague became the residence of the states- 

 general, the stadtholder, and the foreign ambassadors. The Hague 

 ranked only as a village till Louis Bonaparte, during his reign, con- 

 ferred on it the priTileges of a city. The population, which in 1837 

 was 54,000, is now (1854) stated at 64,000. The Hague is not a 

 commercial nor a manufacturing town. 



HAIGH. [Lancashire.] 



HAIK LAKE. [Abtssisia.] 



HAILSHAM, Sussex, a small town, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Hailsham, is situated in 50° 52' N. lat., 0° 15' 

 E. long., distant 48 miles E. by N. from Chichester, 59 miles S. by E. 

 from London by road, and 64 miles by the London, Brighton, and 

 South-Coast railway. The population of the parish in 1851 was 1825. 

 The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Lewes and diocese of 

 Chichester. Hailsham Poor-Law Union contains 1 1 parishes, with an 

 area of 54,076 acres, and a population in 1851 of 13,289. 



The town of Hailsham is built on a gentle acclivity rising from 

 Pevensey Level. The parish church is in the perpendicular style, 

 with an embattled stone tower. The Baptists and Calvinistic Dis- 

 senters have places of worship. There are National schools and a 

 mutual improvement society. Hailsham has one of the largest markets 

 in Sussex for sheep and cattle, held every alternate Wednesday. A 

 cattle fair is held on the market Wednesday immediately preceding 

 Christmas. Twine and cordage are manufactured in the town, and 

 there are gas-works. About two miles from Hailsham are a gateway 

 and moat, a groined crypt, and other remains of Mitchelham Priory. 



(Communication from Hailsham.) 



HAINAN, an island in the Chinese Sea, opposite the southern 

 extremity of the province of Quan-tong, or Canton, to which it is 

 annexed, and from which it is divided by the channel of the Junks, a 

 strait only 15 or 16 miles wide. It lies between 18° 10' and 20" 24' 

 N. lat, 108" 50' and 111° E. long., and incloses the Gulf of Tonquin 

 on the east. Its length from south-west to north-east is about 170 

 miles, its greatest breadth 100 miles, and its area about 12,000 square 

 miles. The population numbers about a million Chinese, besides the 

 tribes of the interior. 



The interior of the island is occupied by an extensive mountain 

 mass called Ta Utshi-sban, which rises in parts above the snow-line ; 

 firom this there issue a great number of offsets, which towards the 

 ■outh-weat and north-east advance close to the sea, but are separated 

 from the south-eastern and north-western shore by a level tract of 

 considerable width. These plains, which are of great fertility and 

 well cultivated, yield annually two or three crops of rice and other 

 grains : the rivers which descend from the mountain region are used 

 for irrigating this tract. Sweet potatoes form the principal food of 

 the people, though they cultivate fruits, sugarcane, tobacco, indigo, 

 and cotton on a large scale. But the extensive forests which cover 

 the ndea of the mountains form the principal wealth of the island. 

 Besides different kinds of timber-trees, these forests produce sandal- 

 wood, brasiletto, ebony, rose-wood, and many other kinds of wood, 

 which are used as dye-stufis or for furniture. Wax is gathered in 

 large quantities. An insect called Pelatabhung produces a white wax 

 from which candles are made at Khiung-tsheou, and exported to other 

 parts of China. The climate of the island is not very hot, being exposed 

 to the wind which blows over a large expanse of sea ; fogs and heavy 

 dews are frequent, and maintain a vigorous vegetation. The coast 

 is frequently laid waste by typhoons, or violent hurricanes, which are 

 peculiar to the Chinese Sea. 



The mountains are inhabited by aboriginal tribes, which are still 

 independent, and called Lt Those which are subject to China resemble 

 the Chinese in figure, and have adopted their usages, but they spenk a 

 different language, though they use the Chinese characters. They 

 are very industrious husbandmen. There are some very populous 

 towns in this island. Khiung-tsheou, the capital, situated at its 

 northern extremity on the channel of the Junks, is said to have 

 200,000 inhabitants ; and Kai Kheou-so, where the governor resides, 

 is s»id to contain as many. Some others have 80,000 or 90,000 

 inhabitants each. 



(Du Halde ; Klaproth ; Arialic Journal, vol. xx.) 



HAINAULT (in Flemish, Henegouwen), a province of Belgium, 

 bounded N. by East Flanders and South Brabant, E. by Namur, S. 

 by Fiance, and W. by West Flanders, lies between 49° 58' and 50° 48' 

 N. lat., 3° 17' and 4 33' E. long. : its greatest length is 63 miles and 

 its breadth 32 miles. Its area is 1 485 square miles, and the population 

 in January 1849 amounted to 723,539. 



The most southern part of the province consists of a narrow strip 

 22 miles long and 9 miles broad, which lies between the province of 

 Namur and the French Ardennes, llio surface is for the most part 

 level, but there are some hills towards the south and east. The soil, 

 except in the arrondisseraent of Charleroi in the south-east of the 

 province, is very fertile. The chief crops are wheat, rye, oats, barley, 

 Mans, rape, flax, hope, and potatoes ; tobacco and chicory are also 

 grown, ifuch of the land near the rivers is laid out in meadow ; in 

 other parte trefoil, Incem, and sainfoin are cultivated. Homed cattle, 

 hone* and sheep of excellent breed are numeroxis ; poultry, game, 

 and beeaaboood. 



The e.istem half of the province is very rich in niiueral wealth. 

 The coal-fields of Charleroi and Mons are the richest in Belgium, and 

 the mines worked give employment to above 40,000 men. There are 

 also rich iron-mines. The other mineral products are — lead, slates, 

 marble, building- aud lime-stone. Many localities in this part of the 

 country are studded with iron-foundries and bhist-furnaces. Steam- 

 engines are used in all the mines to pump out the water and draw up 

 the coals, large quantities of which are exported by canals and rail- 

 roads to France. In these districts the roads and cottages are black 

 with coal-dust. 



The Scheldt enters the province from France a little below its 

 confluence with the Scarpe, and flows north-west to Touruay ; theu 

 changing its course to north, it forms the boundary-lino between 

 Hainault and West Flanders, and quits the province at its north- 

 western angle. The Sambre enters the province also from France to 

 the east of Maubeuge, and flows north-east past Charleroi to join the 

 Meuse at Namur. The Dender rises within the province, flows east- 

 ward to Ath, whence it turns almost due north, quitting Hainault at 

 Grammont, and, having crossed a great part of East Flauders, enters the 

 Schelde at Termonde. The Ilaine, or Uene, from which the name of 

 the province is taken, is formed by three brooks, which rise a little to 

 the west of Charleroi ; it flows west past Mons, below which it is 

 navigable by means of sluices, and joins the Schelde at Cond(5 in 

 France. The TrouiUe rises on the southern frontier, and flowing west 

 enters France, but leaves it again almost immediately, and falls into 

 the Haine near Jemmapes. 



The province is traversed by several good roads and numerous 

 canals, by which communication was much facilitated even befort! the 

 making of railways ; and, like every other part of Belgium, it is well 

 supplied with this new and rapid means of transit. The great lines 

 of railroad through Hainault are — the Bruasels-Namur and the 

 Brussels- Valenciennes, which coincide as far as Braine-Ie-Comte, where 

 they branch olf for Charleroi and Mons respectively. A junction Hue, 

 15 miles in length, connects these two branches, leaving the Brussel.-:- 

 Charleroi line at the Manage station, 17 miles N.W. from Charleroi, 

 and joining the Mons line a Uttle north of that town. A branch lino 

 from the Jurbise station, near Mons, runs through Ath to Touruay, 

 ta the west of which it joins the direct Lille-Autwerp-Ghent line. 

 The Sambre-Meusc line, 51 miles in length (reckoning several branches 

 to the iron-mines), connects Charleroi with Couviu in the south of the 

 province of Namur, and op<'ns up the rich iron district whence the 

 great iron-works of Charleroi and Mons are supplied with ore. Another 

 branch railway runs from Charleroi up the Sambre to the French 

 frontier at Erquelinnes (near Maubeuge), where it is met by the 

 St.-Quentin line, as yet uncompleted. 



The commerce of the province is composed of its varied industrial 

 products — gla8.s, porcelain, pottery, salt, spirits distilled from grain, 

 beer, machinery, nails, woollen stufis, linen, lace, Brus.'jels carpets (the 

 centre of which maimfacture is in Tournay), &c. The most consider- 

 able articles of export are coal, iron, and lime, which are transported 

 by canals and railroads to France and the neighbouring countries. 



The province is divided into three arrondissements, Mons, Tournay, 

 and Charleroi, which are subdivided into 32 cantons and 424 com- 

 munes. The principal towns are the following : — Ath. Jieaumont, 

 in the south of the province, on the road from Mons to Chimay, 

 stands on a hill commanding an extensive view over a very diversified 

 country, the surface of which is broken by steep hills, and limestone 

 and schistose rocks. It was formerly fortified, but its defences were 

 demolished by the English in 1691 : population, 2100. Binch, W. of 

 Charleroi, on the right bank of the Haine, is a well-built walled town, 

 with 5500 inhabitants. In a fine square ornamented with a fountain, 

 stand a church, a college, and an hospital. The principal articles of 

 manufacture are hosiery, leather, cutlery, gloss, tiles, and i>ottery. 

 Braine-U-Comte, at the junction of the brussels-Namur and Brussels- 

 Valenciennes railroads, has cotton-mills, breweries, dye-houses, tan- 

 yards, oil-mills, and 4500 inhabitants. Charleroi, a strong fortress on 

 the Sambre, 19 miles E. from Mons, stands on the Brussels-Namur 

 railway, and has 8000 inhabitants. The fortifications have prevented 

 the town from extending, but the immediate neighbourhood has little 

 short of 1 00,000 inhabitants. Charleroi is a manufacturing town of 

 extraordinary activity ; glass, iron, salt, sugar, leather, nails, woollen 

 yam, &e., are among its products. The town stands in a most exten- 

 sive coal-field, which gives employment to 10,000 men, and yields 

 annually 3,000,000 tons of coal. The number of smelting-furnaoes, 

 iron-foundries, and nail-factories in the sunouuding district is very 

 great. [Charleroi.] Chdtelet, on the Sambre, is a small town, 

 4 miles E. from Charleroi, with 3000 inhabitants, who manufacture 

 cotton, woollens, pottery, salt, beer, and leather. Chiivret, a small 

 town with 3100 inhabitants, near Ath, has important liueu manufac- 

 tures, breweries, aud oil-mills. Chimay stands 24 miles S. from 

 Charleroi, near the French frontier ; it contains a college, and about 

 4000 inhabitants, many of whom are engaged in the numerous irou- 

 works and coal-mines of the vicinity, 'fhere is a castle aud park at 

 Chimay, and several breweries. Enghien, 12 miles N.E. from Ath, 

 contains 3800 inhabitants. The town stands on the side of a hill : it 

 is regularly laid out, and well built ; it contains a college and an hos- 

 pital. The ch&teau of the Due d'Aremberg, which was surrounded 

 by a beautiful park, was destroyed at the first French revolution 



