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HALL& 



HAllBUBQ. 



IM 



■Uftung, or inatituto, abora named, which forme part of the foundation. 

 Baaidea the gymnanum and large ichooU for the poor, it oontaiua a 

 medical laborator; and Bible-pnnting establiahment, A bronse atatue 

 of the founder, br Kauob, is erected in front of the building. Halle 

 poiaeaaea many cnatitable inatitutiona The maiiufacturaa of Halle 

 oompiiaa woollen atufla, ailk, leather, hosiery, buttoiw, liardwara, and 

 rtareh ; but the moat important industrial product ia salt, made from 

 the brine^pringa cloae to the town, to the amount of about 800,000 

 cwt annually. Halle ia the aeat of a mining b6ard. 



HALLE, or HALLEIK, in the circle of Salzburg, in Austria, with 

 SOOO inhabitants, haa extenaive salt-works, which produce annually 

 450,000 cwt of salt 



HALLK [Bbabart, South.] 



HALSTEAD, E'sex, a market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Halatead, is situated in 51° 57' K. 1st., 0° 33' 

 E. long., distant 17 miles N.N.E. from Cbelmaford, and 46 milea 

 N.E. by E. from London by road. The population of Halstead in 

 1 851 waa 5658. The living ia a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Col- 

 cheater and dioceae of Rocheater. Halatead Poor-Law Union containa 

 16 parishes, with an area of 36,688 acrea, and a population in 1851 of 

 19,028. 



Halatead is pleasantly situated on the slope of a gravelly eminence 

 rising &om the river Colne, and consists of the main street, which 

 runs along the high road from London to Korwicb, and of some 

 Hmaller streets. The town is lighted with gas. There ia a newly- 

 erected market-house and town-haU. The parish church is large, and 

 one of the finest in the county. It is chiefly in the perpendicular 

 style : the chancel is decorated. It haa been almost wholly rebuilt 

 within the last five years. The church of the Holy Trinity is a hand- 

 some edifice in the early English style, erected in 1844 by subscrip- 

 tion. The Independents and Baptists have two chapels each, and the 

 Quakers have a place of worship recently erected. Lady Mary Ram- 

 sey's Qrsmmar school, founded in 1594, had 20 scholara in 1852. 

 The school endowment provides 202. a year for the maater, with a 

 convenient house. There are National, British, and Infant schools, 

 a mechanics literary institute, and a savings bank. There is a manu- 

 factory for crape, silk, and velvet. Brick-making, the paper manufac- 

 ture, and straw-platting are carried on. Petty sessions and a county 

 court are held. Tuesday is the market-day : the market here is 

 important for com. Fnirs are held on May 6tb and October 29th. 



HALTON. [Chkshirk.] 



UALTWHISTLE, Northumberland, a market-town and the seat 

 of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Haltwbistle, is situated ou an 

 eminence on the left bank of the South Tyne Biver, in 54° 59' N. lat., 

 2° 27' W. long., distant 38 miles W. from Newcastle, 284 mUes 

 K.N.W. from London by road, and 315 miles by the Great Northern, 

 and York Newcastle and Berwick railways. The population of the 

 township in 1851 waa 1420. The living ia a vicarage with two cura- 

 cies annexed, in the aichdeaoonry of Northumberland and diocese of 

 Durham. Haltwbistle Poor- Law Union contains 17 parishes and 

 townahipe, with an area of 112,687 acrea, and a population in 1851 of 

 7240. 



The town of Haltwhiatle consists of a principal street extending 

 along the Newcaatle and Carlisle road, and of some smaller streets. 

 The houaea are poor and irregularly built Beaidea the parish church 

 there are places of worship for English Presbyterians and Wesleyan 

 and Primitive Methodists, and au Endowed Charity school Petty 

 aoaaiona and a county court are held. The market-day is Thursday : 

 fain are held on May 14th and November 22nd; a tryst for cattle is 

 held on September 17tb. The principal manufacture is that of baize ; 

 linen-weanng, brewing, brick-making, and dyeing are carried on, 



(ComntMniciuion from IlaltvihuUe.) 



HALYS, RIVEK. [Anatoua-I 



HAM, EAST AND WEST. [Wbst Ham.] 



HAMADAN. [Ecbatasa.] 



HAMBATO. pJoOADOK.] 



UAMBLEDON, Surrey, a Titlaga and the aeat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 in the parish of Hambledon, ia aituated in a pictureeque spot near the 

 south border of the county, in 51° 8' N. Ut, 0° 37' W. long., distant 

 8 milea 8. by W. from Guildfonl, and 37 milea S.W. from Lon<lou. 

 The population of the parixh of Hambledon in 1851 was 686, of whom 

 196 were in the Union workhouae. The living is a rectory in the 

 arch d aaconry and dioceae of Winchester. Hambledon Poor-Law Union 

 ooDtaina 16 pariahea, with au area of 58,810 acrea, and a popuktiun 

 in 1851 of 13,649. 



HAMBLEDON. [Hamfsbirji.] 



HAMfiURO, a great commercial city in Qermany, the capital of a 

 small republic of the aama name, is situated in 53° 32' 51 " N. lat, 

 9* 68' 83* E. lon^, and baa, including the auburba of St George and 

 St Paul, 148,774 inhabitants. The origin of thia city ia attributed 

 to Charlemagne. Ita aite ia an elevated spot on the right bank 

 of the Elbe uid the left bank of the Alster, and about 76 miles from 

 the German Ocean. Though at first merely the resort of fishermen, 

 it had attained oonaidemble commercial importance at the beginning 

 of the 12th century. In the 13th century it concurred in the forma- 

 tion of the Hanseatic League. Till 1600 it waa confined to the apaoe 

 between the EUbe and the eaat bank of the Alster ; but the right bank of 

 the Utter waa gradual ly built uiKin, and tba walla were extended ao aa to 



incloae the new part of the town. The actual fortiflcationa of the akj 

 were thus extended to about 4 milea in droumferenos, and were not 

 further enlarged after thia time, though aome outworka were made 

 and a fortified line waa formed inclosing the auburb of St George. 

 The kinga of Denmark daimicg the sovereignty aa oounta of Holatem, 

 Hamburg waa obliged at different times to avert a threatened attack 

 by the payment of large sums, till a convention with the houfe of 

 Holstein in 1768 removed all difficulties. In 1770 the claim of Ham- 

 burg to the rights of a free city of the empire (which claim had been 

 long rvaiated by the kinga of Denmark aa count* of Holstein) waa 

 confirmed by the emperor. The poaaeaaion of the cathedral had been 

 always claimed by the archbishops of Bremen, but it waa aaaignad 

 by the treaty of Westphalia in 1648 to Sweden, and afterwarda paaaed 

 to Hanover with the duchy of Bremen. In 1802 the cathedral and 

 all the property hitherto belonging to Hanover in the city and territory 

 were finally assigned to Hamburg, and ita independence still further 

 secured. Ita misfortunes commenced with the occupation of Hanover 

 in 1803 by the French, who seized lUtzebilttel, at the mouth of the 

 Kibe, to prevent English ships from entering the river. By the English 

 blockade of the Elbe in 1803, the commerce of Hamburg was para- 

 lysed, and its direct maritime trade interrupted. Large sums were 

 extorted from the city during the French occupation. At the end of 

 1810 it was incorporated with the French empire as the capital of the 

 department of Bouches-d'Elbe. In 1813 the French evacuated the 

 city, which was militarily occupied by a Russian corps ; the old con- 

 stitution waa restored ; a burgher guard of 7000 men was formed, 2000 

 of the inhabitants volunteered to join the allies, and the Russians re- 

 paired the fortifications, which bad been partly razed. But the French 

 soon returned and attacked the city on the side of the Elbe. Thv 

 KiiBsiaus being too weak withdrew, aud Marshal Davoust and Gener^ 

 Vaudamme entered Hamburg, and imposed a contribution of two mil- 

 lions sterling ; being afterwards besieged, they drove out 40,000 inha- 

 bitants in the depth of winter, and seized the treasure deposit*.-d in the 

 bank, amounting to about 700,000/. sterling. On the 26th of May 1S14, 

 the French having evacuated the town, the old constitution waa again 

 restored, and on the 8th of June 1815 Hamburg joined the Ueriuan 

 Coufcderatiuu as a free Hanseatic city. The public spirit of the inha- 

 bitants, its internal resources, and ita favourable situation for commerce 

 have since then gradually restored its former prosperity. A great cala- 

 mity befell the city in 1842. Ou the 5th of May in that year a dreadful 

 fire broke out, which destroyed 61 streets aud 120 lanes, pasaagea, and 

 courts, and left about 20,000 of the population houseless. A universal 

 sympathy was felt for this disaster in nearly all parts of the world, 

 which poured in contributions for the sufferers, amounting altogether 

 to nearly 400,0002. sterling. Hamburg was occupied by an Austrian 

 force in 1851, during the disputes between Holstein and Denmark. 



The territory of Hamburg, including the area of the city (which is 

 nearly an oval 4 miles in circumference), is 150 square miles, bounded 

 on the south by the Elbe and on the other sides by the Danish terri- 

 tories. It has likewise some islands in the Elbe, some jmrcels of laud 

 on the Hanoverian side of the river, and the bailiwick of Ritzebiittul 

 at the mouth of the Elbe, in which is the harbour of Cuxhaven. 

 Conjointly with LUbeck it has the bailiwick of BergedorlT, and 

 the districts called the Vierliinden, 16 miles from Hamburg, with 

 10,000 inhabitants. The population of the city in 1850 was 115,886 ; 

 of the St George suburb, 16,731 ; of the St Paul suburb, 16,157; 

 and of the countiy parts, 39,300, making the total population of the 

 republic amount to 188,074. The great majority are Lutherans. 



The constitution is a mixture of ariatocracy aud democracy. The 

 Senate (previous to certain changes made in 1848, aud to be noticed 

 presently) consisting of 4 burgomastera (chosen for life), and 24 

 senators, with 4 ayndica and 4 aeoretariea, had the executive power, 

 and the sole right of proposing laws ; but no laws could be made and 

 no taxes imposed without the consent of the citizens in common hall. 

 The citizens are divided into 5 parishes, each of which chose 36 mem- 

 bers to the council of 180, from which waa choaen a board of 60, aud 

 out of that the 15 elders or aldermen. For the administration of 

 justice there are various tribunals. In the last resort the deciaion ia 

 with the High Court of Appeal for all the free cities, aitdng atLiibeck. 

 In theQenuan diet Hamburg has oue vote in the deliberatious, but in 

 the select council it has a vote only in conjunction with Liibeck, lireiueu, 

 and Frankfurt Ita contingent to the army of the Confetlei'ation is 

 1298 men, and its contribution to the general fund 129 florins per 

 annum. It has also an admirably-organised burgher guard of 9000 

 infantry, cavalry, and artillery. 



A constituent assembly elected in 1848 proceeded to concoct a 

 new constitution, to which when completed the Senate made different 

 objections ; and it was resolved by the citizens, on the proposal of the 

 Senate, and notwithatandiug the proteat of the aaaembly, to aubmit 

 thia draught of a conatitution to the reviaion of a committee compoaed 

 of four aenatora and five citizena. The council of 60 and the bourgeoiaie 

 agreed to the changes proposed by thia committee, the principal |>oints 

 of which ore as follows : — 1. A senate of 16, of whom 7 must be 

 acquainted with law aud finance, and 6 must I>e merchants : 2, A civic 

 body of 192 members, 96 chosen from among the iubabitauta of the 

 city, 48 from the lauded proprietors by landholders jnying a certain 

 amount of taxation, and 48 named by the difierent authorities as 

 reprcacntativea of the tribunals, commerce, manufacture, education, 



