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HELUSTEDT. 



HENDON. 



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jttMi of Helmilaj, U ntaated on s gsntl* eminenca sloping towards 

 ihe rirw Ryo, in 64' IS' N. UL, 1' 2' W. lonR., distant 26 nulea N. 

 from York, and SS3 miles N. by W. from London by road. The 

 population of tha township in 1851 was 1481. The liring is a vicarage 

 in the archdeaconry of CloTaland and diooese of Yoifc. Uelmaley 

 Poor-Law Unioa contains 81 townsliipa and ohuelriea, with a popu- 

 lation in 1861 of 6882. 



The town is neatly built, most of the houses being of stone and 

 slated. The oburah u a fine old structure, in part of Xormon date, 

 with a tower. National schools are supported by Lord and Lady 

 Fkrersham. There is also a library and a reading-room. A county 

 court is held. Tha market-day is Satifrday: fiurs are held on 

 May 19th, July 16th, and October 2nd, chiefly for sheep and cattle. 

 In the vioinitr are sereral coal-mines, 



Helmsley Castle, with its keep, is an interesting relic of former 

 timea. It was buUt in the time of Edward I. and Edward IL It 

 was held for Charles I. in 1644, and besieged W Fairfax, to whom it 

 at length surrendered. The remains of Rievaulx Abbey, about 

 2t miles N.W., and of Ryland Abbey, about i miles S.W. from the 

 town, are very interesting and picturesque niius. In the immediate 

 neighbourhood is the &ae mansion of Duncombo, the seat of Lord 

 Vkrersham. Tha nuuuion was completed in 1718 from a design by 

 Yanbrugh. 



HELMSTEDT. [Bbcxswick.] 

 HELMUND, RIVER [Afuhanwtak.] 



HELSINUFORS, a fortified seaport town and naral station of 

 Russia, capital of the goremment of Finland, is situated on a double- 

 headed promontory to the west of the mouth of the river Wanna, in 

 about 60' 10' N. lat, 25° E. long., 270 miles W. from St Petersburg, 

 about 60 miles N. by E. from Revel, and has a population of 16,000, 

 exclusive of militaiy and marines. It was founded by Oustav I. 

 of Sweden, taken and burnt by the Russians in 1728, again 

 taken by the Ruxuans in 1808, and ceded to them, along with the 

 whole of Finland, nt the peace with Sweden in 1809. In 1822 it was 

 still a small inBif^iCcant place. Since then the town may be said to 

 have been founded anew, and built on a regular plan : masses of rock 

 have been blown up, and inequalities levelled ; long broad streets laid 

 out at right angles, and public squares have been built ; so that the 

 town alrmdy surpasses every other town in Finland in appearance. 

 The houses are large and spacious, and painted externally yellow and 

 green. Among the public buildings the most striking are the resi- 

 dence of the governor, the senate-house, university buildings, the 

 assembly-rooms on the esplanade, the barracks, and the hospital. The 

 university buildings, the senate-house, and a magnificent church form 

 three sides of the principal square. A new church, built in the form of 

 a Greek cross on a mass of granite, having on each eide a handsome 

 Corinthian portico, and surmounted by a dome in the centre, forms a 

 conspicuous object from a distance. 



Uelsingfon became the capital of Finland in 1819, in which year 

 the former capital, Abo, was destroyed by fire. The University of 

 Abo was transferred to Helsingfors by ukase of the emperor Nicholas 

 in 1827. It is called the Alexander University, and has 4 faculties, 

 22 professors, and in ordinary times about 400 students. In con- 

 nection with the university are a botanical garden, which is about a 

 mile from the town ; a museum, rich in mineralogical and zoological 

 collections; a library (part of which was brought from Abo), kept in an 

 apartment of the senate-house, and oontaining 8000 volumes; and on an 

 •minence near the town an astronomical and magnetic observatory. 

 A Iai|^ bathing-house and a mnnufHctoiy for mineral waters have been 

 built outside the town. Helsingfors ia the residence of the Lutheran 

 archbishop of Finland. The town has a considerable trade in Baltic 

 produce : the exports are principally com, fish, deals, and iron ; the 

 Indnatrial products are sailcloth and linen. 



The naval harbour of Helsingfors, the most important station of 

 tit* RtMsian Baltic fleet, after Cronatadt, is capable of containing 60 or 

 70 men-of-war, and ii formed by a small bay of the Gulf of Finland, 

 tha enttanoe to which is secured by a chain of seven or eight small 

 ialands, the Urgest of which ia onlv five acres in area. The defences 

 on these islands form what are colled the fortifications of Hveabory. 

 There is only one entrance by which huge ships can reach the har- 

 bour ; shoals or dams from one island to another blocking up all the 

 other passages. The immediate entrance lies between the islands of 

 Langem (which is SCO yards from the southern extremity of the 

 town) sod Taster-Svert, and is about 200 yards across; it is oom- 

 Banded by the fire from the two islands, besides being raked by the 

 batteries on the Oster-Lilya-Svert, which lies south of the opening 

 between the two former. These three northern fortresses not only 

 defend the channel but also command pointe on the mainland, where 

 an eoemv after taking the town might attempt to plant his batteries. 

 Time other islands to the southward (Vargen, Oustav-Svert, and Oster- 

 Stoor^ert), similorlv situated, and if possible still more strongly 

 defended, command the entrance from the Oulf, the whole front pre- 

 sented by the sucoesaiTe works befaig about a mile in length. The 

 fortifications on these granite rocks are said to be of the most formi- 

 dable deecription : the ramoarta are scarped out of the rock itself; 

 the batteries are armed with the heaviest ordnance ; and each series 

 of works haa its own stores of all kinds and bomb-proof cover. Caae- 

 Butea an formed for 6000 or 7000 small anns, and the united fortraaes 



are said to mount 800 oannon and to be garrisoned by 12,000 men ; 

 and there are magaxines, arsenals, and barracks both upon one of the 

 ialands (Qustav-Svtrt) and upou the mainland. Tha naval docks olf 

 the harbour have been cut in the solid granite promontory on which 

 the town stands. The harbour itself is further defendwl on the 

 laud side by the two forts of ISraberg and Ulricaburg built within 

 the port. 



(Fraser's Magaiine/vr May, 1854 ; S. S. Hill, TravtU on UuShoTtt qf 

 the Battle, London, June, 1854.) 



HELSTON, Cornwall, a market-town, municipal and parliamentary 

 borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Wendron, 

 is situated on the left bonk of tbe Loo, in 60' 6' N. lat., 6° 15' 

 W. long., distant 40 miles S.W. from Bodmin, and 276 miles B.W. by 

 W. from London. The population of the borough and ohapelry of 

 Helaton in 1851 was 8355; that of the parliamentary borough was 

 7828. The borough is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, 

 one of whom is mayor ; and returns one member to the Imperia 

 Parliament. Helston Poor- Law Union oontaina 18 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 71,520 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 28,899. 



Helston was made a borough by King John in 1201. King Edward L 

 made it one of thti coinage towns ; and from his reign till the passing 

 of the Reform Act, it sent two members to Parliament Tbe town 

 was in the reign of Henry VIII. one of the decayed towns for the 

 repair of which an Act of Parliament was passed. The streets are 

 lighted with gas, and paved, and the town presents a neat appearance. 

 There are a market-house and town-balL The ancient coinage-hall 

 still stands. The church, dedicated to St Miohaol, was erected in 

 1768. The Wesleyan and Association Methodists and Baptists have 

 each a chapeL The town possesses an Endowed Grammar school, 

 which in 1852 had 22 scholars; a National, a Commercial, and a 

 Wesleyan school ; also a savings bank, a dispensary, and a literary 

 institute. Helston is the centre of an iuiportiiit agricultural and 

 mining district : it haa markets on Wednesday and .Saturday, and 

 there are nine fairs or great markets in the year. Shoes are exten- 

 sively made in the town, and are sold at tho markets and fairs, or sent 

 to Rednitli. 

 HELVELLYN. [CnMBERiAHD.l 

 HELVOETSLUYS. (Holland.] 



HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, Hertfordshire, a market^town and the 

 seat of a Poor-Law Union, in tho parish of Hemel Hempstead, is 

 situated in 51° 45' N. lat., 0° 28' W. long., distant 24 miles W. by S. 

 from Hertford, and 23 miles N.W. from London by road. The popu- 

 lation of the town of Hemel Hempstead in 1851 was 2727. The 

 living is a vicarage in the arohdeaconry of St Albans and diooeee of 

 Rochester. Hemel Hempstea<l Poor-Law Union contains 6 parishes 

 and chapelries, with an area of 25,320 acres, and a population in 1851 

 of 13,120. 



Hemel Hempstead stands on the side of a hill sloping down to tho 

 fertile valley of tbe Oade, and consists chiefly of one street of con- 

 siderable length. The town-hall, a long narrow building, has under 

 it an open market-place. The town is partially lighted with gas. 

 The churoh is a commodious structure of the 12th century; the 

 aisles and chancel are Norman ; pointed windows have been inserted. 

 The Baptists, Independents, Wesleyan Methodiata, and Quakers have 

 chapels, and there ore National, Industrial, and Infant schools, a 

 mechanics institution, a savings bank, and a well-conducted infirmary. 

 The market on Thursday is one of the largest in tho county for corn. 

 Straw plat is extensively sold at thia market Fairs are held four 

 times in the year. There are lai^ piuper-mills, on iron-foundry, a 

 type-foundry, and some com-milla. Brick-maluug, lime-burning, 

 brewing, and malting are carried on. 



HEMSWORTH, West Riding of Yorkshire, a village and the seat 

 of a Poor-Law Union in the parish of Hemsworth, is situated in 53° 36' 

 N. lat, 1° 20' W. long., distant 28 miles S. by W. from York, and 173 

 miles N.N.W. from London. The population of tho parish in 1851 

 was 997. The living is a reotoir in the archdeaconry and diooese of 

 York. Hemsworth Poor-Law Union contains 24 townships and 

 chapelries, with an area of 83,011 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 SOI 7. The parish church is an ancient structure ]>artly in the deco- 

 rated style. The Wesleyan Methodists have a place of worship. There 

 are National and Infant schoola The Free Qrammar school, endowed 

 in 1546 by Arobbishop Holgate, had 60 scholars in 1861, and an 

 income of 1702. a year. An hospital for 20 poor brethren and sisters, 

 with a master, was also founded by Arehbishop Holgate. 

 HEMYOCK. [Dbvojishiri] 



HENDON, Middlesex, a vilk^ge and the seat of a Poor-Law Union 

 in the parish of Hendon, is situated near the right bank of the river 

 Brent, in 61° 85' N. Ut, 0° 18' W. long., distant 7 miles N.W. from 

 London. The population of the parish in 1851 was 8S33. Tbe living 

 is a vioarage in the arehdeaoonry of Middlesex and diocese of London. 

 Hendon Poor-Law Union contains 8 parishcn, with an area of 83,449 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 15,917. The church, an ancient 

 and commodious edifice, contains some curious monuments and 

 inscriptions. At Mill-Hill are a district church, a chapel connected 

 with the Mill-Hill Grammar school, and a Wesleyan Methodist chapeL 

 The Protestant Dissenters' Grammar school at Mill-Hill, established 

 in 1807, had 99 scholars in 1868. National schools are at Hendon 



