﻿165 



HEREFORDSHIRE. 



HERMANN STADT. 



Abbey-Bore [Dore-Abbey.] lioabury, 16 milea W. by N. from 

 Hereford, populatiou 1133, is pleasantly situated on the smnll river 

 LeddoD. The Free Grammar school has an income from endowment 

 of S21. a year, and had 8S scholars in 1851. Cradley, 17 miles E.S.E. 

 from Hereford, population 1641, contains an Endowed Free school, 

 which has an income from endowment of 20/. a year, and had 73 

 scholars in 1853. Eardutland, on the left bank of the river Arrow, 

 IS miles N.N.W. from Hereford : population, 8S9. The Free school, 

 founded in 1607, has an income from endowment of 55/. a year, and 

 had 75 scholars in 1851. There are also National schools. Eardisley, 

 15 miles W.N.W. from Hereford, population 811, is situated on both 

 sides of a small river that runs into the Wye. There is a National 

 school. Fairs for cattle and dairy produce are held on May loth and 

 October 18th. Leintwartline, 23 miles N.N.W. from Hereford, popu- 

 lation 1607, is situated ou the left bank of the river Teme, into which 

 the river Clan Hows about half a mile west from the village. In the 

 church are beautiful specimens of stained glass. The rivers Teme 

 and Clun are much resorted to for angling. Limestone is quarried in 

 the neighbourhood. Madlty, 6 miles W. by S. from Hereford, popu- 

 lation 9*27, has a commodious and handsome church, chieBy of the 

 decorated style, with an embattled tower at the west end. There is 

 a chapel for Baptists. Mordiford, 4^ miles E.S.E. from Hereford, 

 population 677, is situated on the left bank of the Frome, near its 

 junction with the Wye. The church, dedicated to the Holy Rood, 

 has a tower nt the west end, erected in 1814. There are National and 

 Infant schools. Hops are cultivated in the vicinity. Limestone is 

 extensively quarried. Near Mordiford are remains of an ancient 

 camp. Orltton, 20 miles N. from Hereford : population, 618. There 

 are here National schools. A great cattle fair is held on April 24th. 

 Hop* are extensively cultivated. Pembridge, 15 miles N.W. by N. 

 from Hereford, population 1319, on the banks of the river Arrow, has 

 a commodious church with a steeple of peculiar construction detached 

 from the church. There are chapels for Wesleyau Methodists and 

 Independents, National schools, and an hospital for six poor persons. 

 Hops are cultivated to a considerable extent. ^Uobdon, 20 miles N.W, 

 by N. from Hereford : population, 538. Schools for boys and girls 

 are supported by Mr. and Mrs. Hanbury. Hops are cultivated in the 

 vicinity. Near the church is a mount, with remains of an ancient 

 fortification. Wifmore, 22 miles N.N.W. from Hereford, population 

 494, contains National schools for boys and girls. Fairs for horned 

 cattle, horses, and sheep are held on April 16th, May 6th, and August 

 6tb. Limettono is quarried extensively in the vicinity. On an eleva- 

 tion westward from the village are the remains of Wigmore Castle, 

 including some massive fragments of the keep. A priory was founded 

 here in the reign of Richard I. 



The churches of Kilpeck and Moccas are perhaps the oldest in the 

 county : they are small churches of early Norman date, with semicir- 

 cular apses. Avenbury, Castle Frome, Stanford Bishop, and Mathon 

 are abo of Korman date. The churches most distinguished fur archi- 

 tectural beauty are at Ledbury, Leominster, Weobley, Dilvyn, Pern- 

 bridge, Hadley, Buighill, Abbey-Dore, and Kilpeck. The principal 

 family mansions are — Eastnor Castle, a modem building of great size, 

 and of considerable beauty, situated near Ledbury; Holme Lacy, 

 Hampton Court, Stoke Edith, Berrington, Shobdon, Croft Castle, 

 Oamona, Foxley, Gamstono, Downton Castle, Kentchurch, Goodrich 

 Court, Uarewood, and Whitfield, Kinnersluy Castle, situated in the 

 parish of the same name, is one of the oldest inhabited houses that 

 we are acquainted with : it is asserted that it was built before the 

 Conquest. At Brinsop ia a curious fortified house, now occupied as a 

 &rm-bouae. 



In Herefordshire industry is occupied, with little exception, in 

 agriculture and retail trade. The manufacture of gloves employs a 

 considerable number of women in the central and western pai-ts of 

 the county ; some coarse hats are also made. 



EccUtiattical and Legal IHvitiottt. — With the exception of a few 

 parishes which are in the diocese of St. David's, the whole county is 

 comprised in the diocese of Hereford, of which it forms an archdea- 

 conry. By the Poor-Law Commissioners the county is divided into 

 eight Unions — Bromyard, Dore, Hereford, Kington, Ledbury, Leo- 

 minster, Rosa, and Weobley. The Unions include 238 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 483,670 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 110,708. Herefordshire is included in the Oxford circuit : the assizes 

 and Quarter-sessions are held at Hereford. County-courts are held at 

 Bromyard, Hereford, Kington, Ledbury, Leominster, and Ross. Three 

 members are returned to Parliament for the county, two for the city 

 of Hereford, and two for the borough of Leominster. 



hulory and Antiquitiet, — The greater part if not the whole of 

 Herefordshire was comprised in the territory of the Silures, and was 

 conquered by the Roman general Julius Froutinus, about it.D. 73. A 

 line of Roman and British entrenchments may be traced from the 

 Malvern Hills to Whitboum, Thombury, Croft, Brandon (near Leint- 

 wardine), and Coxwall Knoll (near Brampton Bryan). There are alxo 

 traces of a camp on the east of Leintwardine, near Downton. The 

 Roman road called Watling-strcttt entered the county near Brandon, 

 paased through Wigmore to Kcnchester, and thence by way of King- 

 ton and Dore to Aliergavenny in Monmouthshire. A second Roman 

 road traversed a small portion of the south of this count; near Ross ; 

 a third entered it from Worcester, and paniog Frome Hill, Uraudison, 



Luggbridge, and Stretton Sugwas, reached Kenohester. During the 

 Heptarchy Herefordshire belouged to Mercia, and in 680 a synod was 

 held at Hereford. 



The Danes for the second time obtained possession of Mercia about 

 819, and appointed Ceuolph king. Cenoljih was defeated by Alured, 

 king of the West Saxons, whose successor Egbert united the seven 

 principalities into one monarchy. The position of Herefordshire 

 relative to Wales subjected it to continual inroads from the Welsh. 

 A considerable part of the county was included in the debateablo 

 land called the ' Marches," and was consequently the scene of frequent 

 contests. Harold, after subduing the Welsh in one of his expeditions, 

 made an ordinance that if any Briton was found on the English side 

 of Offa's dyke (an artificiiil boundary which in part of its great length 

 has been traced through the county of Hereford), his right hand 

 should be cut off by the king's officers. The strife continued aud was 

 carried on with more or less vigour during several reigns. The demo- 

 lition of castles enforced by Henry II., in order to limit the power of 

 his barons, had no very beueficial effect on the security of Hereford- 

 shire. These garrisons being destroyed, the Welsh, who had for a 

 long time lived in comparative tranquillity, recommenced their depre- 

 dations, which were not quelled until an English army had been 

 marched against them. During the troubled times of Edward II., 

 Herefordshire was the scene of many executions ; among others Hugh 

 De Spenser, Baldoe, and Reding, the immediate adherents of the king, 

 were executed at Hereford. At a later period the rebellion of Owen 

 Glyndwr threw the Marches into confusion, and renewed the feeling 

 of insecurity which the Welsh had so frequently excited. 



During the wars of York and Lancaster a battle was fought in 

 1461 at Mortimer's Cross, in the parish of Kingslund, between the Earl 

 of March and the army under the Earls of Pembroke and Ormond, 

 and Owen Tudor, husband of Catherine of France, was taken prisoner 

 and afterwards beheaded at Hereford. In the contest between the 

 King and the Parliament, the city of Hereford was thrice in the pos- 

 session of the Royalists, from whom in 1646 it was taken by Sir 

 William Waller aud Colonel Birch. 



A pile of stones, called ' Ai-thur's Stone,' situated in the parish of 

 Dorstoue, constitutes the only remains of primxval antiquity. 



Stalittia. — According to the 'Census of Religious ^V'orship and 

 Education,' taken in 1351, it appears that there were then in the 

 county 426 places of worship, of which 243 belonged to the Church of 

 England, 115 to Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, 20 to Independ- 

 ents, 16 to Baptists, and 32 to other bodies. The total number of 

 sittings provided was 69,575. The number of Sunday schools was 

 161, with 9150 scholars : of these schools 109 belonged to the Church 

 of England, 14 to Baptists, 12 to Independents, 9 to Wesleyan 

 Methodists, 5 to Primitive Methodists, and 12 to other bodies. Of 

 day schools there were in the county 303, of which 149 wei'e public 

 day schools with 8763 scholars, and 154 were private day schools 

 with 2097 scholars. The number of evening schools for adults was 4, 

 with 75 scholars. Of literary and scientific institutions there were 3, 

 all in the city of Hereford, which had 415 members, with 6076 volumes 

 in the libraries belonging to them. In 1852 the county had 6 savings 

 banks — at Bromyard, Hereford, Kington, Ledbury, Leominster, and 

 Ross : the total amount owing to depositors ou November 20th 1852 

 was 240,483{. 8<. 



HERENCIA. [Castilla la Nueva.] 



HERENTHALS. [Aniwebp.] 



HERISSON. [Allieb.] 



HERM. [Guebnsey.] 



HERMAN NSTADT (in Hungarian iVaffy-SzeJeji, in Wallach feiiin), 

 an important town of Transylvania, capital of the ' Land of the 

 Saxons,' is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley watered by the 

 Zibin, a feeder of the Alt (from which it derives its Latin name of 

 Zibmnium, or Cebiunium), in 45° 47' 4" N. lat., 24° 9' 20" E. long., 

 60 miles W. from Cronstadt, double that distance E. from Temesvar, 

 and about 6 miles from the northern entrance of the Rotheruthurm 

 Pass over the southern Carpathians into Wallaohia : population, about 

 20,000. It consists of an upper and lower town, the former built on 

 an eminence, and communicating with the latter by stone steps ; the 

 whole is surrounded by a double wall pierced by five gates and girt 

 by a moat. In the upper town is an old fortress or citadel. The 

 streets are in most instances naiTow, but clean, and the houses are 

 well and regularly built in a quaint gothic style. "I'he principal, or 

 market-square ia spacious, surrounded by good buildings, and adorned 

 with a handsome fountain. There are four Lutheran aud three 

 Catholic churches, a Calvinist aud a Greek chapel, the military 

 hospital and barracks, a house of correction, aud a theatre in the 

 town. The principal buildings are the Lutheran cathedral; the 

 Briickenthal palace, which contains a gymnasium, a picture giiUery, a 

 public library of 15,000 volumes, a large collection of medals, and a 

 museum of Roman antiquities found iu Trausylvania ; and the town- 

 hall, an old gothic edifice, which contains the archives of the Saxon 

 colony of Transylvania. Hermannstadt is the residence of the 

 Austrian governor of Transylvania, and of a Greek bishop ; it ia the 

 seat of the supreme tribunal of the province and of a finauciul board, 

 and the head-quarters of the 12th corps of the Austrian army. The 

 ramparts of Hermannstadt are laid out in pretty promenades, and 

 the environs in which are three suburbs abound with beautiful sueuery 



