﻿1«7 



RERKAKL 



HEKTKORDSHIRB. 



1« 



including nrar views of the Carpathiuu. Tba manufacturM of tha 

 town compriM linen and woollen ltaffi^ horn-oomlx, felt-hats, ropea, 

 po ttaiy , paper, leather, and gunpowder. There is a considerable 

 food tndf, but the OTerland commeroe with Wallachia, formerly so 

 important, hai almost disappeared. Of the inhabitants, the Saxon 

 •lonent is the moat numerous. Among them an alio Wallaohs, 

 Hungarians, Armenians, Qreeks, Gipsies, and Jews. 



HERyANI. [Basqce PBoriNcn.] 



HERNE BAY. [KEirr.] 



HERN'OS.XND. [AKOKR»CAX!fULjn>.l 



HKKUKNVEEN. [Fmmland.] 



IIKKKHITT. [LACsm.] 



HEK.SFKLD. [Fulda.] 



HKHTKOKD, the county town of Hertfordshire, a municipal and 

 parliamentary borough, market-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, is situated chiefly on the right bonk of the river Lea, in 

 SI* 48' N. Ut, 0* 4' W. long., distant 21 miles N. from London by 

 road, and 26 miles by the Eastern Counties railway. The population 

 of the borough in 1851 was 6605. The livings are in the archdeaconry 

 of St Albans and diocese of Rochester. The borough ia governed 

 by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, one of whom is mayor; and returns 

 two members to the Imperial Parliament. Hertford Poor-Law Union 

 contains 18 parishes and liberties, with an area of 34,830 acres, and 

 a population in 1851 of 15,188. 



The town of Hertford is irregularly laid out, but the streets are 

 well paved and are lighted with gas. All Saints parish church ia a 

 large cruciform structure of the 1 4th century ; St. Andrew's church 

 ia smaller, and is supposed to be of earlier date than All Saints. 

 There are places of worship for Independents, Baptists, Wesleyan 

 and Primitive Methodists, Roman Catholics, and Quakers. A branch 

 of Christ's Hospital, or the Blue-Coat school, is maintained at 

 Hertford. In 185S the number of boys was 450, and of girls 70. 

 Connected with the school is an infirmary to accommodate 100 sick 

 children. In Hertford are also the Cowper Testimonial National 

 schools, erected iu 1841 in memory of Henry Cowper, Esq. ; the Green- 

 Coat school for 40 boys and 30 girls ; Hale's Free Grammar school for 

 boys ; a School of Industry ; an Industrial training college ; Infant 

 schools, a literary and scientific institute, a Mutual Instruction Society, 

 and a savings bank. The General Infirmary is supported partly by 

 endowment and in part by subscription. The Com Exchange, erected 

 in 1849, is covered with a glass roof. The Shire Hall, a spacious 

 building, contains the courts of law, on assembly-room, grand jury- 

 rooms, the town-hall, council-chamber, and other judicial and muni- 

 cipal offices. Some portions remain of an ancient castle. A hnnd- 

 some brick edifice was built on the site of the castle about the timn 

 of James L, but some parts of it are of older date. The county jnil 

 and house of correction is situated a little way eastward from the 

 town ; one ward of it is appropriated as the borough prison. 



In Hertford as in other towns of the county a good deal of 

 buaineas is done in malting. There are many corn-mills in the vicinity. 

 The market on Saturday is one of the largest corn-markets in the 

 kingdom. There are four yearly fairs. Quarter sessions and a county 

 court are held in the town. 



Hertford is a place of considerable antiquity. In the civil war of 

 the reign of John the castle, which had been built by Edward the 

 Elder uraut 905, was taken, after a brave defence, by the Dauphin 

 Louis and the revolted barons : it subsequently came to the crown, 

 and was granted in succession to John of Gaunt, and to the queens 

 of Henry IV., V., and VI. Queen Elizabeth occasionally resided 

 and held her court in this castle. 



H EKTFUKDSHIRE, an inland county of EngUnd, situated between 

 BV 36' and 62° 5' N. lat, 0° 13' E. and O' 46' W. long. It is 

 bounded N. by Cambridgeshire, E. by Essex, S. by Middlesex, W. by 

 Backinghamshire, and K.W. by Bedfordshire. Its greatest length is 

 89 miles; its greater breadth about 25 miles. Its area is estimated 

 at 669 square uiiles, or 391,141 acres. The population of the county 

 ia 1851 was 167,298. 



Surface, Hydrography, and Communicationt. — Hertfordshire has 

 no lofty hills. 'The highest elevations are the Chalk Downs, which 

 form tba continuation of the Chiltam Hills, north-eastward into 

 Essex and Cambridgeshire. Kansworth Hill, just within the border 

 of the county, near Dunstable (in Bedfordshire), is 908 feet high. The 

 surface of tha county is generally undulating, and from tha abundance 

 of woods prssents a variety of pleasing scenery. 



The riven for the most part belong to the basin of tha Thames. 

 The principal are the Colue and the Lea : tha His and some other 

 streams in the uorthrm part of the county belong to tha system of 

 the Ouse. The Lea rises near Houghton Regis, in Bedfordshire; 

 it anten Hertfordshire on the north-west nida of tha county, and 

 flows 9 miles S.E. tothe neighbourhood of Hatfield : hence it flows east- 

 northeaat to Ware. At Hertford it receives the Marau or Himram 

 and the Beone, and between Hertford and Ware the Rib ; all on the left 

 bank. From Ware it flows to tha border of Hertfordshire and Essex, 

 where it receives the Stort, also on the left bank. At Waltham Cross 

 it quits Hertfonlshire. Tha navigation commences at Hertford. 



'i'be Colne riiK-s near Hatfield, in this county, and flows through a 

 projecting part of the county of Middlesex into Hertfordshire again, 

 it Lms a very circuitous course of 13 miles to the junction of the 



Verlam or Muse, on its i-ight bank, near St. Albans ; from this point 

 it flows by Watford and Rickmansworth, partly through and partly 

 on the border of the county, till it quits it to form the boundary of 

 Buckiagbanishire and Middlesex. Soma of the feeden of the Thame, 

 another aflluent of the Thames, have their sources in (ha north- 

 western part of the county, near Tring. 



Tha streams which belong to the system of the Ouse have but s 

 small part of their course in this county. They rise on the northern 

 slope of the Chalk Downs. They are the Oughton, the His proper, 

 and the PirraL 



The New River, which is brought to London from springs in the 

 neighbourhood of Ware, has a feeder from the I<ea near that town, 

 A part of its course is in Hertfordshire ; it is carried along tha vallay 

 of tba Lea, and nearly parallel to the course of that stream. 



The Grand Junction Canal entera the county near Tring, and 

 runs along the valleys of the Quin, the Gade, and the Colne, till it 

 entera Middlesex. Iliere are cuts from the main line in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Tring, to Aylesbury, and to Weudover ; and one near 

 Watford to the town of Watford. 



The high north road runs through this county, through Chipping 

 Bomet, Hatfield, Stevenage, and lialdock : the Liverpool rood branches 

 o&' from the North road, and runs through St. Albans to Dunstable ; 

 the Cambridge road runs by Waltham Cross, Hoddesdon, Ware, 

 and Puckeridge, where it divides into two branches, one of which 

 passes through Buntingford and Royston. 



The London and North-Westem railwi^ runs through this coimty, 

 nearly in the line of the Grand Junction Canal. Tha Gre.it Northern 

 railway entera the county near Bamet, and passes through it in a 

 generally northern direction, quitting it near Hitchin. From Hitchin 

 a branch is carried to Royston, and thence continued to join Uia 

 Eastern Counties line near Cambridge. The Eastern Counties rail- 

 way skirts the south-eastern border of the county from Waltham 

 Abbey to Bishop's Stortford. A short branch runs from the main 

 line near Hoddesdon to Ware. 



Otological Character. — This county is comprehended in the chalk 

 basin of London. The south-eastern comer at Cheshunt, and tha 

 south-westem part, comprehended within a line drawn from North 

 Mimms by Ridgeholl, Aldenham, and Bushcy, to Harefield, in Middle- 

 sex, are occupied by the London clay. From under this the plastic 

 clay crops out, and extends to a line drawn from the Stort, between 

 Sawbridgeworth and Bishop's Stortford, to the north of Ware, Hert- 

 ford, and Hatfield, to St Albans, and th«nce along the valley of the 

 Colne. To the north-west of this line all the county is occupied by 

 the chalk, except a few spots along the border of Bedfordshire, where 

 the subjacent strata crop out 



Climate, Soil, Agriculture. — The climate of Hertfordshire is as 

 mild and genial as Uiat of most of the inland counties. The harvest 

 is early where the soil is light and rich, as is the case in some of the 

 valleys. On the cold wet clays, which are found in some |>art8 of the 

 county, and the most exposed tops of the chalky hills, the crops are 

 later. The whole of tho county is upon chalk at a greater or less 

 depth below the soil ; and in the north-western part, toward Bedford- 

 shire, the chalk rises to the surface in considerable hills. Where the 

 chalk lies deeper, the soil on the hills is mostly a heavy clay ; and the 

 valleys between them bnve variations of gravel and loam much inter- 

 mixed. Rich loam occura on the bordera of Essex. 



The number of resident gentry in Hertfordshire tends to introdnos 

 a high state of cultivation around their immediate residenoes; but, 

 as the mansions are generally erected in the driest and best situations, 

 tho cold wet clays are a good deal neglected ; the roads also on the 

 clay soils are not good. 



There are many orchards in Hertfordshire, chiefly for apples and 

 cherries, which are sold in London. In the poorer soils are many 

 woods and coppices, but they are fast diminishing in number, and tho 

 land ia boiug gradually brought into cultivation as arable or pasture. 



Thera are no bremls of cattle peculiar to Hertfordshire. The 

 Suffolk cart-horses are esteemed for farm work, being active and 

 tractable. Tha grass-lands are reserved for hay, and there are few 

 rough pastures. 



Divincms, Tmont, &e. — Tha county is divided into eight hundreds, 

 namely: — Breughing, east; Broadwater, central; Cashio, central and 

 south-west; Dacorum, west; Edwinstree, north-east; Hertford, south- 

 east ; Hitchin, north-west ; Odeey, north. But several of the hundreds 

 are most irregularly formed. Cashio, Daconftn, and Broadwater 

 hundreds have outlying portions in various parts of the county. 



Hertfordshire has no city : it contains two boroughs and market- 

 towns, namely, HrnTPouD and St. Albans ; and twelve other market- 

 towns, namely, lUi-DocK, Baiinet. Ukrkiiamihtkad, Bisbof's Stobt- 

 roRD, Hatkikld, Hemei. HEnreTEAO, Hitchin, Hixldesdon, Rotston, 

 Trimo, Ware, and Watford. The markets of Bu.NTiNuroKO and 

 RicuiAlfswoRTH have fallen into disuse ; but they are still frequently 

 enumerat«d as market-towns. The places which have their names 

 printed in small capitals ore described under their respective titles. 



"The following towns had mostly markets, which are now generally 

 disused ; the populations are those of 1861 : — 



AAvttl, 24 milas N.N.W. from Hartford, population 1425, Is 

 situsted on the slope of the chalk hills. A small corn and cattle 

 tuorket is held on 'Thursday, and fairs iu July and Nuvimber. There 



