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HESKET. 



HESSE^ASSEL. 



171 



firom London wilb a body of 2000 men to impede their progreM. The 

 Doke of Somenat and Mreisl other uoblea and gentlemen of the 

 Boyalitt side fell in the battle, and tbt< kiug bimielf was wounded and 

 taken prieouer. In 1461 a aecond battle wai fuught at St. Albana. 

 The queen, who had juit vanquished and slain the Duke of York at 

 Wakefield in Yorktbire, was advancing to Londou when she waa met 

 near St. Albans by the Yorkists under the Earl of Warwick, having 

 the king with tbem. The Lauctutrions prevailed, aud the king waa 

 leatorcd to hia own party. 



Of the monastic or castellated buildings of the middle ages Hert- 

 fordshire possesses bat few rrmains. St Alban's Abbey is the chief ; 

 to which may be added Royston ohurch, formeriy conventual, and 

 some remains of the priories at Hitchin and Ware. There are castles 

 at Hertford and Bvrkbampatt'ad ; some slight remains of a castle »t 

 Bishop's Stortford, and the earthworks of Anstey or Anstie Castle, 

 between Royston and Bishop's Stortford. Waltham Cross and 

 Hatfield Palace have been already noticed. There are aome remains 

 of a palace built by King Henry III. at King's Langley. 



On the breaking out of the war between Charles L and the 

 Parliament, Cromwell, while yet captain of a troop of horse which he 

 had raised, arrested the high-sheriff of Hertfordshire as he was 

 proceeding to St Albans to publish the king's proclamation declaring 

 all the parliamentary commanders traitors. Ko public event has 

 since occtirred of any moment connected with the county. 



SliUiitict. — According to the Census Returns of 1851 there were 

 then in the county 347 places of worship, with 95,685 sittings. Of 

 these places of worship 162 belonged to the Church of England, 60 

 to Primitive and Wealevan Methodists, 47 to Independents, 44 to 

 Baptists, 7 to Quakers, 6 to the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, 

 and 21 to other bodies. The number of Sunday schools waa '220 

 with 20,584 scholars. Of these schools 137 belonged to the Church 

 of England, 34 to Independents, 82 to Methodists, 27 to Baptists, 

 and 6 to other bodies. Of day schools tliere were 654, of which 

 244 were public day schools with 17,507 scholars, and 310 were 

 private day schools with 5866 scholars. The number of evening 

 schools for adults in 1851 was 12 with 225 scholars. There were in 

 the county 18 scientific and literary institutions, with an aggregate 

 membership of 1410, and libraries containing in all 7916 volumes. 

 In 1852 the county contained 8 savings banks, at Baldock, Bishop 

 Stortford, Buntingford, Cheshunt, Hemel Hempstead, Hertford, 

 Hitchin, and Watford. The total amount owing to depositors on 

 November 20th 1852 was 155,668i. 16». 7i 



HESKET, and HESKET NEWMARKET. [CuiiBEni.AND.] 



HESS&CASSEL, a small state in Germany with the title of 

 Electorate, is situated between 60° 0' and 52° 25' N. lat, 8° 25' aud 

 10* 45' E. long. It consists of three distinct porttous, of which the 

 largest, extending only to 50° 40' N. lat, 10° 15' E. long., is bounded 

 N.E. by Hanover and the Piyssian province of Saxony, E. by Weimar 

 and Bavaria, S. by Bavaria, and W. by Nassau and Hesse-Darmstadt 

 The detached portions are the county of Schaumburg to the north, 

 surrounded by Hanover and Lippe, and the lordship of Schmalkalden 

 to the east, surrounded by the Saxon principalities and the 

 Prussian drcb of Schleusingen. The area of the whole is 4420 

 pquare miles. 



Ihvitioni, — The electorate is divided into four provinces, which, 

 with their respective area and population, are as follows :— 



1 Piovtaess. 



Area in Square UUei. 



popnUUon la 1846. 



Cppn Ht*M, with 1 

 Dehanmbart • / 



Lowra Bess* . . 

 1 Fnlda .... 

 1 Hanaa 



1,080 



«74 

 8S4 

 331 



360,063 



111,431 

 140,713 

 114,783 



1 TMal 



4,410 



734,390 1 



Pact of (is OomUry, Soil, and Climalt. — The country is in general 

 hilly ; but it oontaana numerous valleys, which in some places expand 

 into more extensive plaina On the south-east and south the 

 Tbilringer-wald, the Rhongebirge, aud the Speasart extend their 

 bninchea into the country from the Saxon duchies and Bavaria, and 

 cover the province of ilanau, and the whole tract between the Werra 

 and the Fulda. Schmalkalden is situated on the ThUringer-wald 

 (Tbttriogiaa mountain), on the northern frontier of which is the 

 loselbns (MS2 feH high). In Hesse proper the highest point is the 

 Meiasner, to the soatb-ea<t of Almerode (2825 feet). The Thiuinger-wald 

 ia thickly wooded, chiefly with red pine and 6r. The other principal 

 chains an the UundsrUck, the Weecrgcbirge, and the Vogelsgebirge. 

 The soil of Hease is not distiuguisbed in general by great fertility, 

 but it can by no means be called sterile. The finest parta are the 

 b«mutiful vallaya of the Fulda, the Schwalm, the Edder, and the 

 Werra. The climate ia on the whole temperate, and everywhere 

 healthy ; mildest on the banks of the Main, aud most aevere in the 

 province of Fulda, on the summit* of the Rhougebiige. The prin- 

 cipal rivers are the Main, the Wcser, the Werra, the Lohn, and the 

 Fulda. The last, though not the largest, is the most important river 

 of Haa* ; rising in Bavaria, it traverses the circles of Fulda, Hersfeld, 

 B«tlMnbui;g, Melauugeo, and Caasel, becomes navigable at Fulda, and 



joins the Werra at Muudon, in the kingdom of Hanover, both 

 together forming the Weser. The Main only just touches the 

 south-west comer of the country, and bring juined by the Kinxig 

 near Uauau, flows into the Rhine. The Labn, travenun^; the circle of 

 Marburg, joins the Rhine below Cubleuz. There are no lakrs, but 

 numerous la^e ponds, of which there are 40 of various sizes in th« 

 district of Diemel alone. The railway from Fraukfurt-am-Main 

 through Marburg to Casael is connected at its northern end by the 

 Thuriiigiou railway with Prussia and Saxony, and by the Westphaliaa 

 lines with Hauover and Belgium. By the trunk-line up the right 

 bank of the Rhine aud the branches that open upou it, the province 

 is connected with WUrtembeig, Bavaria, Baden, and Switzerland ; and 

 by a branch now in course of construction from Frankfurt through 

 Hanau (thus far it is completed) aud Wtirzburg, the electorate com- 

 municates at Bamberg with the great railway of central Germany, 

 connecting Munich with Leipzig, Dresden, and Berlin. 



XatitnU Prodttetioiu. — Rye, barley, oata, wheat, maize, pulse, and 

 potatoes in great abundance are cultivated. Flax and timbw are 

 staple articles : tobacco, hemp, madder, some hops, and rapeseed are 

 also among the products. The vine is cultivated only in aome parta 

 of Uauau. The pasturage is in general good. Garden produce of 

 excellent quality is raised about Cassel and Hanau ; fruits are culti- 

 vated chiefly in Upper Hesse, Hanau, and Hersfeld, whence lares 

 qutmtities of dried fruits are exported. Apples are extenaivuy 

 grown for making cider. The breeding of cattle is pretty general : 

 there are horses enough for the purposes of agriculture ; and aheep 

 chiefly in Lower Hesse, Hanau, and Fulda. Domestic poultry and 

 game are very abundant Uesee abounds in mineral wealth, pro- 

 ducing silver, copper, lead, iron, quicksilver, cobalt, salt (from saline 

 springs in great quantities), s^tpetre, vitriol, and alum. There are 

 also coal, marble, very fine white alabaster, porcelain-clay, potters'- 

 earth, and pipe-clay, &,c Turf, which is abundant, is used for fuel. 

 There are numerous mineral spriugs ; those of Neundorf are much 

 frequented fur sulphur baths. 



Manufactures and Trade. — Manufactures, which are carried on 

 chiefly in Cassel, Hannu, ami Fulda, have extended considerably since 

 the electorate joined the ZoUverein in 1832. The principal are linen, 

 flannel, and carpets ; fine linen is made in Caasel and Uerxbeig ; — silks, 

 velvets, carpets, and jewellery at Hanau. Cotton-spinning and weaving 

 has been introduced, aud is become pretty general, especially about 

 Fulda, where the cotton trade is supplanting the linen manufacture. 

 Schmalkalden manufactures almost all the steel aud iron of the 

 country, it produces timber (and little else) which is used in the 

 smelting-works and irou-fumaces, of which there are seven in the 

 country. Grossalmerode is celebrated for its crucibles and pottery, 

 which are exported to all parts of the world. Other manufactures 

 are paper, musical instruments, chemical products, beet-root sugar, 

 tobacco, wooden-ware, &c With respect to trade, there is properly 

 no commercial town, and the two fairs at Cassel are of little import- 

 ance. The chief exports are the industrial products enumerated, 

 timber, wrought iron, salt, &c The imports are oolonial produce, 

 wines, silk, cotton, brandy, &o. The transit trade by the Main, the 

 Weser, the Werra, and the Fulda, but more especially by means of 

 railways, is very important 



Severme, Owemment, Jec — By the triennial budget for 1852-54, the 

 expenditure for the three years is estimated at 13,932,790 dollars, 

 and the receipts at 12,475,440 dollars; leaving a deficiency on the 

 period of 1,457,350 dollars. In 1840, the latest year of which a state- 

 ment is given, the public debt was 1,642,666 dollan, bearing interest 

 at 3i per cent 



The army consists of six regiments of infantry of the line, two 

 battaUons of foot-guards, two battaUoua of light infantry, and two 

 regimentii of cavalry. 



The Constitution of January 1S31 was one of the most liberal 

 in Germany. The states formed only one chamber; aud all laws 

 were debated in the chamber, which had the control over the 

 taxes. The electoral dignity is hereditary, to the exclusion of 

 females. Though there is no longer an emperor of Germany, and 

 consequently no elector, the sovereign retains the title of elector or 

 prince elector (Kur-Fiirst). The elector is assisted by a council of 

 miobters. 



Education. — The court and great majority of the inhabitants are Cal- 

 vinists, tbe Roman Catholics number 102,000, the Jews about 9000. A 

 law for tbe emancipation of the Jews vras passed in 1838. The Cal- 

 vinists are under superintendenta, and the Roman Catholics under 

 the bishop of Fulda. Hesse has a university at Marburg, the oldest 

 Protestant university in Germany, founded in 1527 : it has faculties 

 of Calvinist theology, law, medicine, an;d philosophy, and had 62 pro- 

 fessors and teachers in 1850, and 263 studenta. The Ubrary contains 

 100,000 volumes. Among other establishments for superior education 

 are the six gymnasia or lyoeumt of Caasel, Marburg, Fulda, Kinteln, 

 Herafeld, and Hanau, which were attended by a total number of 

 pupils amounting to U23 in 1850. There is a Catholic theological 

 seminary in Fulda. Elementary schools are established throughout 

 the state. 



Dixinom and T'ovns. — Lower Hesse is divided into ten circles. The 

 diief town ia Cauel, the capital of the electorate, which is noticed in 

 a separate article. [Caauu] Btohttf/e, on the Werra, 25 miles 



