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H1NDU8TA». 



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Bmmim), and 7 NoD-B«guljkUoo DiatrioU (Kumaon, Gorwal, and other 



UiUStatMX 



Tbe Pnudanay of Madraa iDcIudes 18 Rtgulation DiitrioU (Raim- 

 mundiy, MasuUpaUm, Oantoor, Ndlora, Chiugleput, Madras, South 

 Aroot, North Aroot, Bellunr, Cuddapah, Salem, Coimbatorv, Trichi- 

 nopoli, Tanjore, lladoia, "niiiUTrUT, Ma l aba r , and Canara), and S 

 Mon-R«gulatioa Districta (Oangam, Viiajnipatam, and Kumool). 



Tbs Proaidanov of Bombay includes IS Rcgulntiou Provinoea (Surat, 

 Baroach, Ahmadabad, Kaira, CandeUh, Tannah, Poona, Ahmed- 

 nuggur, Sholapore, Belgaum, Dharwar, Rutnaghorry, and Bombay 

 Island), and three Non-Bagulation Provinoea (Colaba, Sinde, and 

 Sattara). 



The following are the areaa and the population, aa far as tbey are 

 known, or as nearly as they can be asoertainiBd, of the British 

 Poaaeaaions, and of the Native and Foreign States, included under 

 eaoh of the three great divisions : — 



BRmsn roMoao.is. Sq. Miles. PopaUUon. 



Presidenej of nngtl . . ) . . 8!J,653 47,9S8,320 



North Writcrn rroTinees ./ . . . 89,471 3S,S00,S49 



rrnl.lcncr of Madras .... 144,889 16,339,436 

 Presldeacjr or Uombar .... 120,063 10,483,017 



676,177 98,383,312 



KATITS STXnS. —^— 



Bengal, 



Hyderabad 93,337 10,666,080 



Onde 23,738 2,970,000 



VtptttX 34,300 1,940,000 



Nagpoor 76,432 4,690,000 



Bnndrlcund and Nerbudda districts . 36,311 3,871,112 



Indore 13,680 1,413,200 



Bhopal 8,312 813,360 



SUtes of Rajpootana 119,839 8,743,098 



BoUlcand 720 320,400 



Hill SUtcs 12,852 891,007 



Scikh Protected States .... 32,177 2,230,809 



Hikkim 2,304 92,648 



Babwiilpoor 20,003 600,000 



Otaolab Sing's Terrttorir 23,123 730,000 



OoMja and Garrow UllU . . . 7,711 231,003 



Msneepoor 7,384 73,840 



TIperah 7,632 7,632 



Cultack Mebals 16,929 761,803 



383,404 43,034,396 



Madrat. 



Ooehin 1,9S8 288,176 



Mysore 30,886 3,000,000 



Traraneore 4,721 1,011,824 



Jeypoor and IIlll Zrminduries . . . 13,041 391,230 



30,637 4,691,230 



Bombay. 



Guicovar'K Territories .... 24,249 1,794,426 



BUIes tributarjr to tbe Guicowar . . 3,230 389,300 



Cambay and Ballasinore . . . , 738 36,002 



Surat 830 02,900 



Abmcdsngtnr . . , . . 1,700 123,800 



Colapoor ....*... S,4<3 300,000 



Sawant Warree 800 120,000 



MjbecCsanU 3,400 231,600 



Rewa CaunU 3,329 394,346 



Cuteh 6,764 300,336 



SatUra Jsgbirdars .... 1,773 419,023 



36,320 4,613,223 



roaaioif rossaasions. — ^-^— 



PoBdicherry, Csricsl, &c. French . . 181 171,217 



Gos, Damsun, and Diu, Portuguese . 800 900,000 



988 671,217 



svmsaaT. ^-^— — — ^^— ^— 



British Possessloiis .... 676,177 98,383,312 



Mativa BUtca 690,361 33,399,031 



PoraitB Possessions .... 986 671,217 



ToUl 1,367,636 131,613,380 



The above areas are in many inatanoea only approximations ; but 

 by a careful estimation it has been found that the total area of 

 British India, iududing .Sinde, tbe Panjab, the JuUinHar Donb, and 

 T a n sss sri m, is 800,758 square miles, and that of the Native States is 

 (08,4i2 square miles, making a grand toUl of 1,309,200 square miles. 

 This superficial extent is iooUided in a bouncling-line 11,260 miles in 

 length. Tfaia estimation has been made by the officers employed in 

 the great trigoDometrioal survey of Hindustan, and probably does 

 not include some of the native states which are given in the praoeding 

 list, while others of them are transferred to British India. Since the 

 esthnata was msde, the province of Paga in Birma haa been annexed 

 to the East India Compaay's territorisa. This wss done in November 

 1862. The trigonometrical survey of Hindustan was commeooed 

 ■con after the capture of Seringapatam, and of it, in 1848, the total 

 na ooatDleted was 477,044 square miles, at a cost of about 312,88e{. 

 Sersfal important public works have been lately completed, or are 



now in process of execntion in Dritish India. Tbe Ganges Canal 

 (898 miles in length), referred to in the article BcKoai, (voL L, ooL 

 l008) is now completed, under the able superintendence of Major 

 Cautley. It waa formally opened at Iloorkee on April 8th, 1854. At 

 Calcutta about 44 milea of railway have been completed. The olectrio 

 telegraph has been laid down over about 3000 miles, reaching; as far 

 north as the city of Agra, and instantaneona communication of intel- 

 ligence has thus been secured between Calcntta, Agra, Bombay, and 

 other important citiea. Acoonling to a statement presented by 

 the East India Company in 1851, the total amount of expenditure 

 on public works in India during 10 years previous to 1849, was 

 3,460,g80(. 



Ilitlory, QmentmaU, Ac — Commerce between India and the western 

 nations of Asia appears to have been carried on from the earliest 

 historical times. The Arabs brought the produce of India from the 

 modem Sinde and the Malabar coast to Hadramaut, in the south- 

 western part of Arabia, or to Qerra on the Peraian Qulf, from which 

 places it was carried by means of caravans to Petra, where it was 

 purchased by the Phasnician merchants. Indian articles were also 

 brought from the Persian Qulf up the Euphrates as far as Thapsacus, 

 and thence carried across the Syrian desert into Phoenicia ; whence 

 Europe was supplied. 



Thu knuivledge which the Greeks poaseased concerning India, 

 previous to the time of Alexander the Great, was derived from the 

 Persians; and such was the origin of the information contained in 

 the third book of Herodotus (98-105). Tbe expedition of Alexander 

 first gave the Greeks a correct idea of the western parts of luitia. 

 He did not advance farther east than the Hyphasis (the Gharra of the 

 Panjab), but he followed the course of the Indus to the ocean, and 

 afterwards sent Nearchus to explore the coast of the Indian Ooean 

 as far as the Peraian Gult After the death of Alexander, Seleucus, 

 in his war with the Prasii, advanced as £sr as tbe Ganges. The 

 Greek kingdom of Bactria, founded by Theodotus, a lieutenant of the 

 Syrian mooarchs, and which lasted from B.C. 255 to B.C. 126, com- 

 prised a considontble part of northern India. After the foundation 

 of Alexaudria in Egypt, the Indian trade was almost exclusively 

 carried on by its merchants. The Romans never extended their 

 conquests as far as India. 



Hardly anything is known of the history of Hindustan from the 

 time of Alexander to tbe Mohammedan conquest 



The Tatars (called Scythians by the Greeks), overthrew tbe king- 

 dom of Bactria in ao. 126, and remained in iKissession of the greater 

 part of the north-western provinces of Hindustan till they were 

 driven beyond the Indus in B.c. 56 by Vienunaditya I. The earliest 

 invasion of Hindustan by tbe Mohammedans was probably made in 

 the latter part of tbe 10th century. A succession of invasions and 

 conquests followed, and iu 1093 Delhi was taken, and made tbe seat 

 of the Mohammedan government in India. In 12U0 the dominion 

 passed into tbe bonds of the Afghans, but the Afghan dynasty was 

 put on end to in 1626 by Baber, a descendant of Timur, who took 

 Uelbi, and established the Tatar dynasty, or aa it is commonly called, 

 the Mogul empire. That empire no longer exists, ahd its power has 

 passed to the British. 



Tbe Portuguese were the first nation of Europe that obtained any 

 dominion in Hindtistao. Vasoo de Qama landed with three ships at 

 Calicut on the Malabar coast, on the 20th of May, 1498. Tbe Portu- 

 guese rapidly acquired extensive power in the country. By the 

 possession of MaUcca, which fell into their hands 24 years after tbe 

 voyage of Qama, they commanded the trade of the Indian Archi- 

 pelago ; and by their numerous settlements along the Malabar coast, 

 especially at Uoa and Diu, they monopolised tbe commerce with 

 Europe. In the beginning of the 17th century, tbe English, Dutch, 

 and French began to make settlements along the coast; and the 

 Portugueae lost their dominions almost as rapidly as they bad 

 acquired them. They still possess Goa, Damaun, and DitL 



The Dutch never acquired much political power in Hindustan; 

 though at one time tbey carried on tbe greater part of tbe Indian 

 trade. The French on the contrary obtainad extensive possessions in 

 the Deccan. Their principal settlement was at Pondioherry, of which 

 they acquired possession in the latter part of tbe 1 7th century, and 

 which soon became one of the mont splendid European establishments 

 in the country. But their power in the Doccan was principally owing 

 to the prudent and vigorous government of Dupleix in 1749. Under 

 his ndniinistratinn the Northern Circars were occupied by tbe French, 

 and tbe English power was almost destroyed. Dupleix was succeeded 

 by Count de Lally, who was sent from France with a large fleet in 

 1756 ; but this expedition entirely failed ; and Pondicherry was taken 

 by the English in 1761. At present the French possessions consist 

 only of Pondicherry, which was restored, Carical, Yanaon, Mah^, and 

 Chundemagore. 



The commencement and early progress of British authority in 

 Hindustan have already been described. [Bexoal ; Bombay.] 



The Ea«t India Company was first formed in L<mdon in 1599, when 

 its capital, amounting to 80,000{., was divided into 101 shares. In 

 1600 the sssociation obtain-d a charter from tbe crown, under which 

 they were to possess certain privileges, and were forme<l into a corpo- 

 ration for 16 years with the title of "The Governor and Company 

 of Merchants of London trading to the ,Eagt Indies." The first 



