﻿HOLLAND. 



HOLSTEIN. 



auiTounded by a small canal and completely insulated. From a 

 distance, the town has a most sinsrular appearance ; it seems to consist 

 of a line of windmills, some of which are of gigantic size and have 

 houses attached to them, extending along the Zaau, and forming a 

 street nearly 5 miles iu length. The number of these mills is variously 

 stated, but it seems to amount to about 700 ; they are applied to the 

 various purposes of grinding com, draining the land, sawing timber, 

 making paper, grinding tobacco into suufT, crushing rapeseed to express 

 the oil, grinding colours for the painter, grinding stones into sand for 

 the floors of the Dutch housewife, and grinding volcanic tufa from the 

 Eifel into dust in order to form a cement called trass, which hardens 

 imder water and is much used in Holland. [Eifel; ANDERXAcn.] 

 The town is often visited for the purpose of seeing the hut in which 

 Peter the Great worked and slept during his short stay here to learn 

 ship-building in 1696. 



To North Holland belong the islands, Marken and Urk, in the 

 Zuidsr-zee ; and Wieringen (20 miles in circumference; population, 

 1500) ; Vlietaml (which consists chiefly of sandhills, and has 800 

 inhabitants) ; Ter-tcltellinr/ (14 miles long, and 24 miles broad ; popu- 

 lation 2500, residing in four villages on the south coast, and engaged 

 in fishing) ; and Texd, at the entrance of the Zuider-zee. 



The 2'ej'el is separated from the north of the province by the Mars- 

 diep ; it is 12 miles long, and 6 miles broad, and has 5000 inhabitants, 

 mostly shepherds and fishermen. The island is famous for its breed 

 of fiue-woollcd sheep. The northern part of the Texel was formerly 

 a distinct island, but is joined to the southern part by a sand bonk 

 since 1629; it is called Eierland or EggUnd, from the great number 

 of gulls' eggs found on it. 



SotUh Holland has an area of 1170 square miles, and had 534,693 

 inhabitants on the 31st of December 1852. It lies S. of the Haarlem- 

 meer, and is traversed by the Old Rhine, the Yssil, the Lech, and by 

 the large branches of the Maao, which form the islands of Voorne, 

 Overflackkee, Goeree (now united to Overflackkee), Putten, Beyer- 

 land, Tsselmonde, Dordrecht, and Rozeuburg W. of Ysselmoude. 

 The chief towns are Briel, Delft, Dort, Hague, Leyden, and RoT- 

 TEROAU. The more important of the other towns are noticed here : — 



DdfltAaven, the port of Delft, stands on the right bank of the 

 Maas, at the embouchure of the canal that leads from the Hague 

 through Delft ; it is a place of Eome trade, and has ship-building 

 yards, and a population of 3000. The lighthouse marking the entrance 

 to the Maas and the channel to Rotterdam is in 51° 54' 11" N. lat., 

 4' 9'61' Rlong. 



Chrkum, a fortified town, on the right bank of the Maaa, and 

 traversed by the Linge, a feeder of the Maas, is well built, and has a 

 good trade in corn, fish, horses, cheese, agricultural produce, &c. 

 The population numbers about 9000 ; many of them are engaged in 

 the salmon and herring fisheries. The chief manufacture is tobacco- 

 pipes. There is a college in Gorkum. 



Gouda, or Tcr-Gouw, N.E. of Rotterdam, on the right bank of the 

 Yssel, at the mouth of the Gouw, is a large fortified town, with a 

 population of 13,000. The town has 5 churches, an hospital, an 

 orphan-bouse, tobacco-pipe factories that give employment to 6000 

 men, brickworks, the clay for the supply of which is taken from the 

 bed of the Yssel, rope-walks, gin-distilleries, and breweries. The 

 most important buildings are the town-house and the church 

 dedicated to St. John, which is famous for its splendid painted 

 windows ; both these buildings stand in the -great square, in which 

 markets are held. Qouda numbers also among its industrial products 

 woollen-doth and sail-cloth ; it is famous as a cheese-market. 



lldroeltlui; a small town of 2000 inhabitants, important for its 

 fortifications, its harbour, and large naval dockyards, stands in the 

 isle of Voome, on the right bank of the Haringvliet branch of the 

 Maas, which separates Voorne from Overflackkee. The Prince of 

 Orange sailed from this port for England, Nov. 11, 1688. The ships 

 that passed Helvoet and Briel in 1849 in and out numbered 2417 and 

 2539 respectively. 



Katic'jk, N. of the Hague, is a small place famous for the canal nnd 

 the stupendous dykes and flood-gates executed by the engineer 

 Conrad, for Louis Bonaparte in 1800, to assist the Rhine in its 

 stniggles to reach the sea. 



Matulund-tlmt, or Maat-tluU, stands W. of Rotterdam, at the 

 extremity of the canal that enters the Maas opposite the isle of 

 R.jzefiburg, and has 5000 inhabitants, many of whom are engaged in 

 the herring- and whale-fisheries. Sail-cloth, ropes, leather, and fish-oil 

 are the chief industrial products. 



Jtj/myk, a village of 2400 inhabitants near the Hague, deserves 

 mention as the place where the famous treaty of peace was signed in 

 1697 between England, France, Holland, Oermnny, and Spain. The 

 Kite of the house iu which this treaty was concluded is now marked 

 by an obelisk. 



Hcheveningen, on the coast, N.W. of the Hague, is the rendezvous 

 of the gay world of the Hague in the bathing season ; it is joined to 

 the Hague by a straight and magnificent avenue of oaks and limes. 

 It has 3000 inhabitants, and a splendid bathing establishment, which 

 include* also the accommodation of an hotel. The population is 

 chiefly engaged in fishing for the supply of the Hague market. 



lichiedam, a well-built town, 5 miles W. from Rotterdam, with a 

 good harbour, near the outflow of the Schie into the Mnas has 



5 churches, an exchange, glassworks, rope-walks, and white-lead works. 

 The town is surrounded by windmills, and contains above 200 distil- 

 leries for the manufacture of ' hollands,' or Dutch gin, for which it 

 is universally celebrated. It has a large trade in pigs, 30,000 of 

 which are said to be annually fattened on the grains from the distil- 

 leries. The inhabitants, many of whom ai-e engaged in the fisheries, 

 number 10,600. 



Schoonhoven, E. of Rotterdam, famous for its salmon fishery, stands 

 in a marshy but well-cultivated district, on the right bank of the 

 Leek, which here forms a good harbour, and receives the Vlist. Tho 

 population is 2500. 



Vlaardingen, the head-quarters of the Dutch herring fishery, for 

 which it fits out annually from 80 to 100 vessels, stands on tho ri^'ht 

 bank of the Maaa. It is a pretty and a well-built town, with a popu- 

 lation of 7500. 



HOLLAND, PARTS OF. [Lincolnshire.] 



HOLLAND, UPPER. [Lanc.vshire.] 



HOLLINGBOURN, Kent, a village, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Hollingbourn, is situated in 51° 16' N. lat., 

 0° 38' E. long., distant 22 miles W. by S. from Canterbury, 39 miles 

 S.E. by E. from London. The popul;itiou of the parish of Holling- 

 bourn in 1851 was 1312, of whom 312 were inmates of the Union 

 workhouse. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Maidstone 

 and diocese of Canterbury. Hollingbourn Poor-Law Union contains 

 23 parishes, with an area of 55,487 acres, and a population in 1851 

 of 13,751. The parish church of Hollingbourn, partly built about the 

 year 1400, is of various styles. The Wesleyan Methodists have a small 

 chapel, and there are National schools. Tanning and brickmaking 

 are carried on. There are several corn-mills. A fair is held on 

 June 16th. 



HOLLO WAY. [Middlesex.] 



HOLSTEIN, a duchy iu the north of Germany, belonging to Den- 

 mark, and comprised betw^een 53° 30' and 54° 2-4' N. lat., 8° 41' 22" 

 and 11° 2' E. long., is bounded N. by Schleswig, from which it is 

 divided by the Eyder and the Kiel Canal ; E. by the Baltic, the terri- 

 tory of Liibeck, and tho duchy of Lauenburg ; W. by the North Sea, 

 between the mouths of the Eyder and the Elbe ; and S. by the Elbe 

 (which separates it from Hanover) and the territory of Hamburg. Its 

 greatest length from north-west to south-east, between the Eyder and 

 the Bille, is 90 miles ; from north-east to south-west, between tlie pro- 

 jecting peninsula facing the isle of Fehmern and the right bank of the 

 Elbe above GlUekstadt, 83 miles. The area is 3259 square miles ; the 

 number of inhabitants was 325,743 in 1803; 401,528 iu 1826; and 

 479,364 in 1845 ; nearly all are of the Lutheran religion. 



The central part of Holstein is a flat plateau covered with baiTeu sandy 

 moors, heathy bogs, and numerous small ' seen,' or lakes, from which the 

 waters flow towards the Eyder, the Baltic, and the Elbe. The eastern 

 slope is furrowed by numerous well-wooded and fertile valleys abound- 

 ing in beautiful scenery ; the western slope descends into the fertile 

 grazing district of Dithmarsh, which is protected by dykes against the 

 encroachments of the sea. [Dithmarsh.J On the plateau there is some 

 light soil between extensive regions of bog, and here and there are a 

 few trees. Towards Kiel, on the north, the surface is undulating and 

 well wooded. Since the opening of the railway from Altona to Kiel 

 across this dreary district, great improvements have been made by 

 means of extensive drainage ; and the granite boulders with which it 

 is strewn, instead of lying valueless as formerly, have become a source 

 of profit, and are quarried for transport to Hamburg and Holland, 

 where they are in demand for building purposes. These boulders are 

 supposed to have been carried at some long distant period from the 

 Scandinavian peninsula by glaciers ; except in these masses which lie 

 on the surface there is no gianite iu Holstein. 



The principal rivers are the Elbe, which has been already described 

 [Elbe], and the Eyder. The Eyder, or Midei; rises in a small lake 

 about 10 miles S. by W. from Kiel, and runs first northward through 

 the Westen-see to the Schleswig frontier, whence it runs west be- 

 tween the two duchies past Rendsborg to its mouth iu the North 

 Sea near Tonning, after a course of about 90 miles, for 70 of which it 

 is navigable. The tide ascends the river as far as Rendsborg. Its 

 principal feeders are the Sorg and the Treen, which join it on the 

 Schleswig bank. 



The Stiir, a feeder of the Elbe, rises in the marshes a little south of 

 the source of the Eyder, and runs in a general south-west direction 

 past the town of Itzehoe, a short distance below which it turns south 

 and entera the Elbe below GlUekstadt. 



The Ti-ave rises in the Warder-see, which is situated near the lake 

 of Plon, the largest and most beautiful of the lakes of Holstein. It 

 flows in a general southern course past Segeberg, receiving numerous 

 small feeders from the lakes on either side, to Oldeslohe, where it 

 sweeps round to the north-east, in which direction it traverses the 

 territory and town of Lubeck and the shore-lake of Binnen-wasser, and 

 enters the Baltic at Travemiinde. The whole length of the Trave is 

 about 60 miles. Its principal feeders are the Steokenitz and the 

 Waokenitz, both of which join it on the right bank beyond the Hol- 

 stein boundary. By the Stcckenitz and a canal which joins it to the 

 Delvenau, a feeler of the Elbe, a water-communication is established 

 between Liibeck and Hamburg, which runs at a short distance east of 

 the Holstein territory. 



