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HUDSON'S BAT TERRITORIES. 



HULL. 



131 



tba maximum of heat obaerred U 54°, and the minimum -42*. 

 At Fort FVanldin, which U about 230 feet above the lea, and only one 

 degree farther south (8S* 12* K. lat, 132* IS' W. long.), but dtoated 

 in the valley of the Mackenxia, the mean annual temperature U 17°, 

 the maximum of heat 80°, and the minimum -58°.- The mean annual 

 temperature at Fort Chippewa, on the banks of Lake Athabaaca 

 (58* 4S' y. Ut) doe* not nae above the freezing point, being 80*. 



The wealth of the country oonsiata in ita animals, particularly 

 rein-deer, muak-ox, mooae-deer or elk, bears, wolves, foxes, beavers, 

 otters, and raoooona, which are killed on account of their flesh or for 

 their skins. Water-fowl are very numerous, and the lakes contain an 

 abundant supply of fish. 



The native tribes consist of Esquimaux and Indians. The Esqui- 

 maux occupy nearly the whole of the sterile region on both sides of 

 Hudson's Bay, and the Indians wander about m the other regions. 

 The southern tribes of the Indians belong to the Crees, but the 

 northern seem to have sprung from another stock. They are divided 

 into small tribes, rarely consisting of a hundred families, and yet each 

 tribe occupies an immense tract of country. As they mainly rely for 

 their snbsistence on the produce of the chace, they are frequently 

 exposed to starvation, which diminishes their numbers, or at least 

 prevents their increase. The Europeans in the territory may amount 

 to some thousands. They are either settled in the establishments of 

 the Hudson's Bay Company for the purpose of receiving the furs and 

 forwarding them to the places of embarkation, or they travel through 

 these countries for the purpose of collecting them. 



The North- Wtttem Territory is a designation which may be applied 

 to that portion of the Britidi possessions which lies to the west of 

 the Rocky Mountains. In the North-Western Territory the Rocky 

 Mountains form two ranges nearly parallel to each other and to the 

 coast, and &om 80 to 100 miles apart The western range is much 

 the lower ; the eastern range has some summits which attain an 

 elevation of from 15,000 to 16,000 feet above the level of the sea. 

 Several rivers rise beitween the two ranges. Frazer River has its 

 sources in the western range, runs southward about SOO miles, and 

 falls into Juan de Fuca Strait. Its course is rapid, but the river is 

 navigable for canoes except where the navigation is interrupted by 

 rapids. 



Along the coast the country is mountainous, and opposite Van- 

 couver Island this mountainous character is maintained over a width 

 of about 80 miles, from the mouth of the Frazer River to Smith's 

 Inlet, a distance of about 200 miles. The declivities of the mountains 

 reach the shores of Queen Charlotte Sound, which separates Vancouver 

 Island from the continent. Farther north the mountain groups are 

 more isolated, the breaks being occupied by valleys and inlets, through 

 which numerous streams discharge their abundant waters. The shores 

 are generally high, and rise vrith a steep aiscent frequently to an alti- 

 tude of from 300 to 700 feet The climate in the valleys and inlets 

 ■long the coast is mild and moist, and the vegetation vigorous. The 

 country farther inland, extending to the declivities of the Rocky 

 Mountains, and occupying a width of about 100 miles, is an un^en 

 pWn crossed in all directions by rocky ridges of moderate elevation. 

 l%ere are many lakes, some of which are large, and the climate is 

 very humid. Forests of timber-trees of large growth, and dense masses 

 of underwood, cover nearly the whole country. The fiir-bearing 

 animals are very numerous, especially beavers and otters. The moose- 

 deer i> also abundant Seals are very common along the whole of the 

 coast The Hudson's Bay Company have stations on Frazer River 

 and elsewhere in the interior. Salmon, trout, and other fish abound 

 in the rivers, and the natives obtain a great part of their subsistence 

 by fishing. They live in houses, and seem to enjoy more comfort 

 than the tribes east of the Rocky Mountains. 



The hunters and tnulera employed by the Hudson's Bay Company 

 generally cross the Rocky Mountains near the sources of Peace River. 

 In Queen Charlotte Island, which is about 100 miles north from 

 Vancouver Island, gold was discovered to a small extent in 1852. 

 Vanoouver Island has been granted by the British government to the 

 Hudson's Bay Company, under certain limitations, for purposes of 

 oolonisation. [Vamcouvkr Island.] 



Labrador was discovered by John Cabot in 1479, and it is probable 

 that his son Sebastian entered and partly surveyed Hudson a Bay in 

 1512. It was re-disooverad by Hudson in 1610. Meanwhile the 

 Ftrench had coloniaed Canada, and thenca carried on an active fur- 

 trada with the Indians inhabiting the countries west of Hudaou's Bay. 

 la 1068 Prince Rupert aent a vessel, the party on board of which 

 erected Port Charles on the bank of Rupert's River in James's Bay. 



The Hudson's Bay Company, established for the express purpose of 

 procuring fun, was inoorporatrd by Charles II., May 2nd, 1670. This 

 company founded scvend eatablidiments, and has ever since prose- 

 ontad the trade under the direction of a governor, deputy-governor, 

 and committee of management, chonen from among the proprietors 

 of the joinVstock, and resident in London. The company's charter 

 never having been specially confirmed by Act of Parliament, another 

 company entitled the Nortb-West Company was established in 1783 

 by some partiaa who considered that all British subjects were antitied 

 to trade in thoae regions. The jealousy and hostility which arose 

 between the agents of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North- 

 West Company impeded the operations of both parties fur a series of 



years. In 1821 a junction of the two companies was effected. The 

 terms of tlie original charter give to the " governor and company, and 

 their successors, the aole trade and commerce of all thoae seas, straits, 

 bays, rivers, Iskes, creeks, and sounds in whatsoever latitude they 

 shall be, that lie within the entrance of the straits commonly called 

 Hudson's Straits, together with all the lands and territories upon the 

 countries, coostn, and confines of the seas, bays, lakes, rivers, creeks, 

 and sounds aforesaid, that are not already poseeaaed by or granted to 

 any of our subjects, or poaaeeaad by the subjects of any other 

 CImstian prince or i^te, with the fishing of all aorta of fish, whales, 

 and sturgeons, and all other royal fishes, in the seas, bays," &c kc ; 

 and the territory was to be holden of the crown " as of our manor 

 of East Qreenwich, in our county of Kent, in free and common soocsge, 

 and not in capita, or by knight s service ; yielding and paying yeany 

 to us, our heirs and successors, for the same, two elks and two black 

 beavers, whensoever and as often as we, our heirs and successora, shall 

 happen to enter into the said coimtries, territories, and regions hereby 

 granted." Under this grant the company state that they " have always 

 claimed and exercised dominion as absolute proprietors of the soil in 

 the territories understood to bo embraced by the terms of the grant, 

 and which are more particularly defined in " an " accompanying map, 

 and they have also claimed and enjoyed the exclusive right of trading 

 in those territories." These territories from 65° to 55° N. lat reach 

 on the west to 105° W. long. ; south of 56° N. lat the boundary 

 stretches in a south-western direction to the Columbia River, about 

 116° W. long. ; the territory extends on the south to 49° N. lat, the 

 boundary-line of the United States, in the western part, and to Canada 

 in the eastern part Over the remaining part of the continent lying 

 east of the Rocky Mountains, and extending north to the Arctic 

 Ocean, the Hudson's Bay Company obtained by royal licence. May 

 18th, 1888, the exclusive privilege of trading for a period of twenty- 

 one yean from that date. This right of exclusive trading also includes 

 the British territory westward of the Rocky Mountains. The trade 

 of the Hudson's Bay Company thus extends to the Pacific Ocean, and 

 to 141° W. long., where the Russian territory commences. The prin- 

 cipal establishment of the company west of the Rocky Mountains is at 

 J'ort Vancouver, on the north bank of the Columbia River, 90 miles 

 from the sea, and at the head of ship-navigation. Fort Vancouver 

 consists of an oblong picketted inclosure, 600 feet long by 200 feet 

 broad, containing dwellings, workshops, and granaries, surrounded by au 

 open village, large farms, prairies, and woods, belonging to the company. 

 (Mackenzie, Voyages from Montreal to the Frozen and Pacific Ocean; 

 Franklin, JHrtt and Second Journey to the Polar Sea; Richardson, 

 Fauna Boreali-Americana ; Captain Back, in the London Qeographicai 

 Journal ; Parliamentary PaperM.) 



HUDSON'S BAY and HUDSON'S STRAIT. [HUDSON'S BAY 

 TERRITORIES.] 



HUE. [Cochin China.] 

 HUELQOAT. [FiNisTftBE.] 

 HUESCA. [Araoon.] 

 HUESCAR. [Granada.] 

 HUIS, L'. [AiK.] 



HULL, or KlNGSTON-UPON-HULL, in the East Riding of York- 

 shire, a port, a municipal and a parliamentary borough, and a county 

 in itself, is situated in 53° 44' N. lat, 0° 10' W. long., on the left bank 

 of the Humber, and in the angle between this river and the Hull ; 

 53 miles E. from York, and 174 miles N. from London by railway. 

 The municipal borough is governed by 14 aldermen, one of whom is 

 mayor, and 42 town counculors. The population of the parliamentary 

 borough in 1851 was 84,690. The management of the pour of Hull 

 is regulated by a local Act 



Previous to 1296 the town bore the name of Wyke-upon-HulL For 

 more than a century before this date the town had a good trade in the 

 export of wools and leather, and in the import of wines. In 1296 the 

 name vras changed to Kyngeston-super-Hull, by Edward I., who, 

 seeing the natural advantages of the place, had purchased it, and 

 then D^an' the formation of the harbour — thus laying the foundation 

 of the permanent prosperity of the town. From this time the town 

 improved rapidly. In the 27th of Edward I. the harbour was com- 

 pleted, and the town received a charter constituting it a free borough. 

 In the next year a mint was established licro by royal ordinance ; 

 and in 1 3;i 6 a nrry was established across the Humber between Barton 

 and Hull for the conveyance of passengers, cattle, and goods. lu 

 1326 the fortifications were finished, and in the reign of Edward III. 

 the town supplied 16 ships and 600 men for the invasion of F^oe, 

 whilst London upon the same occasion furnished only 25 ships and 

 700 men. At the commencement of the great civil war the magnzines 

 of Hull were stored with a large quantity of arms, which the Parlia- 

 ment desired to transfer to London. Charlea I. sent the earl of 

 Northumberland to take possession of the town in his name, but the 

 authorities refused to admit him, and they received Sir John Hotham, 

 who was sent as governor by the Parliament The king soon after 

 (April 23, 1842) besieged the town, but was repulsed after repeated 

 sanguinary contests. During the short period of excitement which 

 attended the downfall of the Stuarts, the town, fort, and citadel were 

 in the hands of the lioman Catholic party. But measures were con- 

 certed and acted upon vrith such decision and promptitude that the 

 governor was taken in his quarters before he had even heard of such 



