﻿IXDIAXA- 



INDIANA. 



■orammrat Tha Hoetaws bars • written oonatitution and Uiri. 

 TIm eouotr; ia dirHM into four diatrict* (on« of which !• oooupied 

 by tin Ohiduaaws), eaoh of which rlecta jta own chief every fourth 

 year. A general council of 40 nieuibera ia elected annually, who meet 

 In the cvuuoil houw, and |>aaa all lawa, Ac, aubiect to a qualified Teto 

 by the chiefa. Trial by jury ia eetabli^ed : with appeals to the higher 

 court*. At the head of military affair* ia a genenU elected by the 

 people at Ui]g«; and there are 32 captains in each district. Nuroer 

 ooa Biiaaioiiariea are rattled among both the tribes. The Creeks, with 

 whom are united the Seininolm, occupy the country between the 

 tncta of the Ch'-rokera and Cboctaws, watered by the Canadian Rirer 

 aod the forks of the Arkansas. The country ia less fertile than the 

 diatriat* occupied by those tribes, and the Creeks are on the whole 

 • good deal less advanced in civilisation. But they have similar 

 government, organisation, and judioxture; tbey dwell together in 

 towns, and to a certain extent cultivate their land in common ; numer- 

 ona misaionaries are settled amongst them, under whose advice they 

 have built aeveral churches, and eetabliiihed good schools; and 

 altogether the prospect of >be future progress of the tribe is spoken 

 of aa highly promisiug. A proposition is said to have been lately 

 made by the executive of the federal government through the Com- 

 misaioner of Indian Aflfairs, to the Cberokeea, Choctaws, and Creeks, 

 offaring to form a state out of the territory occupied by them, and 

 thua a-lroit them into the Union as citizens ; but the Cberokees it is 

 ■aid were unwilling to ba placed on the same level with the other 

 tribes not so far advanced in civilisation, and the proposal fell to the 

 ground. 



Uf the leaser tribes it may be enough to mention that the Shswneea 

 and Seneoaa are settled in the northt-ru part of the territory border- 

 ing on the Kansas Kiver. They bhv a frugal indastrious people, care- 

 fully cultivating their farms, and raising considerable crops of maize, 

 cotton, V'getables, Ac, and breeding horses, cattle, and swine. The 

 Oaages, Pottawatomiee, and Cluppewas occupy a tract north of the 

 Cherokees ; they are much less advanced in the arts of civilised life, 

 and retun most of their old wandering habits. Their country is not 

 very fertile, and tbey nuffer much from the cold of winter, and from 

 occaaional droughts in summer. 



{Slatittieal Oaietteer of the United Statu; Haskcl and Smith, 

 OaUUeer of the United Stata ; Schoolcraft, The Red Man of America ; 

 Awterican Indiam ; Brownell, Indian Jtacm of North America; 

 Seport of the Serenth Centui of the United Statu.) 



INDIANA, one of the United States of North America, extends 

 from the Ohio iiiver on the south to Lake Michigan on the north, 

 between 87° 51' and 40" 46' N. lat., 85° 49' and 88° 2' W. long. It is 

 bounded R by the state of Ohio; S. by the river Ohio, which divides 

 it from Kentucky ; W. by Illinois, the Wabash River forming the 

 boundary from ita confluence with the Ohio up to 39° 25'; N.W. by 

 Lake Michigan ; and N. by the state of Michigan. Its extreme length 

 from north to south is 276 miles, its extreme breadth 175 miles ; the 

 average length is 242 niiU-s, the average breadth 153 miles. The area 

 is 83,809 square miles, ur about 2500 square miles more than that of 

 Scotlaud. The following table showi the stite of the population, 

 with the relative numbers of whites and coloured persons, at the 

 decennial Cenauses during the present century. The total population in 

 ISOO was 4,873, including 183 free coloured persons, and 135 aUiei. 

 ItIO „ H,SJO, „ 89J „ 237 „ 



ISlt „ 147,178, „ 1230 „ 190 „ 



1830 „ <43,0J1, „ 8629 „ 3 „ 



1840 „ 683,«6«, „ 7I«S „ S „ 



18i0 „ 088,416, „ 11,262 „ Mone. 



The population in 1850 being all free, the state Is entitled according 

 to the ratio of representttion, to send eleven representatives to 

 Congress. To the Senate, like each of the other United States, Indiana 

 sends two members. 



Barfitee, hydngraphy, Commmieettiont. — This state, like Illinois, 

 haa a general alope to the aonth-west. Like that state also it is, with 

 few exceptions, one great plain. There is indeed a tract of hilly 

 country north of the great bend of the Wabash, and the state is 

 skirted on the south by thooe eminences called 'Ohio Hills,' which 

 sometimes touch the Ohio and sometimes retire from it for two or 

 three miles ; they are generally very rugged in character ; occasionally 

 rise 300 feet above the river ; and inclose what are termed the bottoui- 

 laada, which are chiefly covered with a rich alluvial soil, and thickly 

 ■et with forest*. The timbered and prairie lands are more intermixed 

 in thia state than is usual ; and both prairies and timber lands are on 

 ■ grand scale. The alluvial river bottoms are all wide. Of these 

 wide valleys, the chief are the Ohio, White Kiver, and Wabaah valleya. 

 The Ohio Valley, comprising an area of about 5000 square milea, is 

 for the most part a lim<!atone region, very rugged, aud about one- 

 third of it having a soil too poor or hilly for profitable culture. Tbe 

 White River Valley, extending from the Wabash through the centre 

 of the state to the Ohio, wi*ii an area of 9000 square milea, is almost 

 nniformly level and very heavily timbered, except in the westei-n 

 parts, where there are ranges of low rugged hills and some prairies 

 and barrens. The soil throughout this v.tlley is extremely rich, and 

 water-power is abundant The Wabaah Valley is much larger than 

 the others, eomprising an area of upwards of 1 2,000 square miles. 

 The eastern portion reaemblea the White Kiver Valley, with which 



it is connected. The other parts are hardily so fertile. Water-power 

 is pleotifnl, especially in the middle part of the valley. The northern 

 part of the country, watered by the St Joseph and the Kanknkee 

 rivers, resembles the Wabash Valley in its general character, but in 

 parts is much more svrampy; and bordering on the latter it haa 

 extensive sand-hills, which are clothed with stunted pines and 

 burr-oaks. 



The state is amply watered by numerous fine rivers. Few of these 

 however besides the Ohio and the Wabaah are available for naviga- 

 tion ; but most afford water-power for mechanical pnrpos'^ The 

 Ohio and the Wabash sre the two great rivers of Indiana. The Ohio 

 is described under Mississippi Uiver. It forms the southern bound- 

 ary of the state for a distance, by the winlinga of the river, of 380 

 miles, and is navigable throughout It receives the water of nearly 

 all the rivers of the state. The Wabaah riaea in Ohio aod flows 

 thence into this state, having a course first to the north aud north-west 

 and then to tbe aouth-west ; it then mskes a great bend to the south, 

 and flowing in that direction about 90 miles it becomes the boundary 

 of the state. Its whole course throogfa this state, and along ita 

 western boimdary is about 600 miles, for more than half of which 

 distance it is navigable ; but the navigation is interrupted by falls or 

 rapids. All the other principal rivers of the state are tributaries of 

 the Wabash. The White Uiver, the most important of its tributaries, 

 enters the Wabash about 1 10 miles above its mouth, and is formed 

 of two main branches, of which tbe northern, called West Pork, has 

 a south-west course of about 300 miles, and tbe southern, or East 

 Fork, has also a general south-west course of 20O miles. Both of them 

 receive several large tributaries. Above the great bend the Wabash 

 receives the Tippecanoe and the Eel rivers from the north-east, then 

 the Misaisinewa from the south-east, and Little River from the north- 

 east White-water rises in Ohio, and entering this state on its east- 

 em boundary after a course of 80 miles, returns to Ohio and falls into 

 tbe Qreat Miami, which unites with the Ohio at the boundary of the 

 two states. Many streams fall into the Ohio, but none of much 

 magnitude. The same remark applies to the Calumic and Deep rivers, 

 and some others which flow into Lake Michigan. The two branches 

 of the Maumee, tbe St Joseph's and St Mary's, both enter this state 

 from Ohio before their conSaence, and, what is remarkable, in a conrso 

 almost directly opposite to that which the united stream takes after 

 the junction, when it turns eastward and re-enters Ohio, and passing 

 in a north-easterly direction through the north-west comer of that 

 state, falls into Lake Eri& Both the Kankakee, the principal arm of 

 the Illinois, and its main branch the Pickimiuk rise in this state. The 

 Kankakee rises near South Bend and runs sluggishly through the 

 north-western counties for 100 miles, receiving on its way the Yellow 

 River, 60 railed long ; it is bordered throughout by extensive marshes. 

 The Pickimink rises south of the Kankakee, runs neariy parallel to it 

 for about 50 miles, and joins it iu Illinois. 



Besides Lake Michigan, its north-western boundary, the state 

 possesses several lakes, but they are mostly email, and lie to the north 

 of the Wabash Uiver. Beaver Lake ia six miles long, and three miles 

 wide. Mexancukkee Lake, in Marshall county, though much less than 

 Beaver Lake, haa a far more picturesque appearance : it is about three 

 miles long by a mile and a half wide. The other lakes seldom exceed 

 a few acres in extent : they have mostly sandy bottoms and very clear 

 water, and all of them abound in fish. 



The state has two fine canals. The Wabash and E>ie Canal extends 

 from Evansville on tbe Ohio to Toledo on Lake Kri% 467 miles, 

 of which 379 are iu Indiana : it affords ready water commuuication 

 with New York and Canada. The White River Canal extends from 

 Lawrenceburg on the Ohio, to Uageratown on the National Road, in 

 Wayne county, 75 miles. 



The onlinary roods are generally good, and there are many good 

 plank-roads, 'i'he railways are numerous aud well planned : consider- 

 ably more than a thousand miles ore in operation in the state, and 

 almost as much more in course of construction. The lines mostly 

 centre in Indianapolis, and place the capital and principal buainesa 

 towns of the state iu communication with each other and those of the 

 other states of tbe Union. The principal line is the State Central, 

 which radiates in all directions from Indianapolis, and unites at the 

 boundaries of tbe state with the lines of other states. Besidea the 

 lines which diverge from Indianapolis there are orosa-linea between 

 tbe other large towns in the state to connect the several branches or 

 to join the railways of neighbouring statea. We may enumerate the 

 leading lines, including the arms of the State Central :— From Indiana- 

 polis there arc lines— to Bellefontaine (Ohio), 118 miles; to Law- 

 renceburg. 90 miles; to Madison, 88 miles; to Evansville, 50 miles; 

 to Tcrre Uaute, 73 miles ; to Peru, 73 milea ; to Decatur — ; to Shelby- 

 ville, 16 miles; to Steubenville, 149 milea; one in course of construc- 

 tion along the Wabaah Valley; and some others projected or begun. 

 Btsides these from Indianapolis there are the Jeffersonvilla and 

 Edinburgh, 77 miles; New Albany and Salem, 287 miles; ShelbyvUlo 

 and Uuxbtown, 20 milea; Shelbyville and Knightstown, 27 miles; 

 Lawrenceburg and Upper Misaiaaippi, 90 miles; Martinsville and 

 Franklin, 25 miles. 



Oeotogy, Mineralogy, <tc— The geology of the stata ia amply described 

 in the Reports by Dr. Dale Owen of the Survey of Indiana made 

 imder instructions from the United Slates government The most 



