﻿INTERNESMHIRB. 



IONIA. 



IN 



lla triboUiy th« Farrfr, both of wbioh art nippliod from nnall UkM 

 in Uie hill*. TheT form the m&ll river Baouly, whioh miptiM itaelf 

 into Looh Bfimly »t the bottom of the Moraj Frith. Of the namer- 

 oiM lake* in the weetem dUtrict the moat important i* Loeh Arkeg, 

 whioh fallii hj a email river outlet into Loeh Lioohie. The celebnted 

 M>4 beautiful Pall of Foyer* occur* in the ooune of the river Form, 

 on ita war to Loch N'rm, into which itemptiee itaelf. The rirer Nem 

 oarrir* off th* waters of Loch Nem, and at Inremeaa falli into the 

 Moray Frith. In all the river* ju*t named there are valuable aalmon 

 Bsherie*. Tba road* io the county ar« maintained in a itat* of efficient 

 repair. 



trfo/ojTy cmd Minemloyy. — The prevailing rocks are of the primary 

 dam, have a highly crystalline strneture, and are entirely destitute of 

 organic remains. Qneiss is perhaps the most abundant, but huge 

 maaxe* of granite and of the oldest trap or porphyritic rocks are met 

 with in Ben Nevis and the Orampians. Limestone is fouud in several 

 districts, and approaches to the nature of marble, particularly in the 

 aouth-wt-st of the county, near Fort William. Sandstone is frequently 

 met with. The beds of the stratified rocks are usually much iuclined, 

 approaching almoat to the vertical, but the dip varies. Their general 

 direction is from south-west to north-east. The principal mountains 

 are Ben Nevis and Mealfourvouuie. Ben Nevis rises abruptly from 

 the narrow low plain which separates it from Looh Eil, and rises to a 

 height of 4868 feet. The lower portion consists of granite and 

 schistose rocks ; the upper is a mas* of porphyry. The lower parts 

 are usually covered with rich grass. The sumuiit is an extensive flat 

 plain, strewed with loose roclEs. In a few hollows near the summit 

 snow lie* all the year round. Mealfourvouuie, which rises 2730 feet 

 above the sea-level, is composed of a conglomerate rock end a stratified 

 nndstone of very hard texture. In Lochaber district in this county 

 occur the celebrated Parallel Roads of Qlenroy, which have given 

 rise to so many speculations as to their origin. Some veins of lead and 

 ailver have been discovered in several porta of the county, and also 

 iron-ore in small quantities. 



Climate, Soil, and Agriculture. — The climate of the northern and 

 western parts of the county is much milder than might be expected 

 from its latitude. The quantity of rain which falls is about 26 inches 

 annually. The soil is for the most part light and sandy, with a sub- 

 •oil of gravel or clay. In the neighbourhood of the town of Inverness 

 H is enriched by a fine loam deposited by the waters of the ndjoiuiug 

 frith. A few small arable farms are usually let yearly, but the larger 

 farms are let on lease, varyiiig from seven to nineteen years. The 

 farmhouses are generally well constructed, but the dwellings of the 

 oottager* and poorer tenants are comfortless and mean. The attention 

 of the farmers is chiefly directed to the rearing of sheep and c:>ttle. 

 The sheep are mostly of the Cheviot and Linton breeds, the cattle 

 diiefiy of the Skye or KyKie breed. A great deal of waste land has 

 been within the last few years drained and reclaimed, and much 

 ground has been planted. 



Dirinont, Torent, Sic. — The mainland of Inverness-shire compre- 

 hends various districts with distinctive designations, particularly that 

 of Badenoch on the south-east, where it bonlers upon Perth and 

 Aberdeenshire ; Lochaher on the south, adjoining Argyleshire ; 

 Glrnrlg on the north-west, bordering upon the ocean; besides many 

 inferior districts, such as Glengarry, Glen Horiiaon, Olenehiel, 

 Moidart, Ac., generally named from the lochs or rivers which they 

 contain. 



There is only one royal burgh in the county, namely, Ikterxess. 



On the mainland the only other place worthy of mention is Beauly 

 <65° 27' N. Ut, 4* 26' W. long.), a populous village with a small har- 

 bour, 11 miles W. from Inverness, at the extremity of the small frith 

 of Beauly : the population of the parish of Kilmorack, in which it is 

 situated, was 8007 in 1851. Oiily one or two vessels belong to the 

 place, but it is frequented by a good many coasting vessels importing 

 lime, eoal, &c., and exporting wood and grain. The village is thriviug, 

 ia well built, and possesses good shop* ; in the parish, in addition tu 

 the parish church, there are a chapel of ease and a Roman Catholic 

 ohapeL 



" Besides Inverness and Beauly," says the ' New Statistical Account 

 of Sootlaod,' in describing this county, " th<-re are no other towns 

 or even villages of any considerable magnitude, the inhabitants being 

 ehiefly agricultural anil pastoral, and thus living in a detached manner. 

 The Gaelic language is universally and in some remote situations 

 exclusively spoken ; and in the remote glens and secluded defiles of 

 the mountains the ancient language ^d feelings of the Celta still 

 linger and are cherished." Fort William, at the entrance to the 

 Caledonian Canal, erected in the reign of William III. aa a check to 

 the Jaoobitea in the Highlands ; Fort Aumistus, at the entrance to 

 Loch Naaa, erected after the rebellion of 1716, and now occupied by 

 a few soldier* ; and Fort UeorKe,an extensive and regular fortification 

 oppoaite Fortroae on the Moray Frith, and near the north-east 

 boundary of the county, may be mentioned, thouijh they are merely 

 station* fur tourists in the HiKlilnnds ; as may also the village of 

 Portree in Rkye, on the small locli of Portree, a branch of the sound 

 of Raaay (57* 25' N. lat, 6° 12' W. long.) : the population of the parish 

 of Portree, excluding the islands of Rasay, Kladda, and Bona, was 

 2806 in 1851. Portree is the market-town of Skye, and the station 

 for the steamer which trades between it, the towns on the west coast, 



and Glasgow. The natural harbour of Portree is capable of containing 

 several hundred sail, and is ahsltarsd on all side*. 



Bittory, Anti^uMn, Se. — The eoaata adwining the westom ialaada, 

 as well as those iaUnid*, and •ometime* the whole country inland as 

 far as the Grampians, frequently formed the subject of ooutentioD 

 and of armed eonflicrt between the kings of Norway and the earlj 

 Scottish monarehs. The Lords of the lalea were neariy independent 

 sovereigns, their vassals being often equally independent in their 

 insular domaina The later events in national history connected with 

 the eoonty are those referred to in IirvBRREss. In every pariah, 

 almost, are to be found antiquities of some kind. By far the most 

 numerous are those which consist of the ruin* of the fortaliee* of tho 

 former chiefs of the different families to whom the land belonged. 

 Of an earlier period are the remains of the eoclesiastioal establish- 

 ments, dating principally from the time of the Cnldeea. These are 

 numerous in the islands. There are numerous druidieal stone* and 

 temples, donee, tumuli, and cairns, chiefly on the mainland near th* 

 coast 



Induttry, Education, ic. — The rearing of black cattle and sheep 

 forma the chief occupation of the inhabitants of the mountain districts. 

 Sea-fishing, and especially the herring fishery, engages the attention 

 of the natives of the western shores, and agriculture is sedulously 

 pursued in the Aird valley and other favouruble situations throughout 

 the county. 



Acconling to the 'Census of Religious Worship and Education' 

 there were 109 places of worship in the county in 1851, of which 44 

 belonged to the Free Church, 35 to the Established Church, 17 to 

 Roman Catholics, 4 to United P^e8byterian^ 4 to Baptists, 3 to Epis> 

 copalians, and 1 each to Independents and Wesleyan Methodista. "rhe 

 total number of sittings provided was 40,918i The number of day 

 schools in the county was 162, of which 142 were public schools with 

 9716 scholars, and 20 private schools with 1017 scholars. The number 

 of Sabbath schools was 75, with 4485 scholars ; of these schools 82 

 belonged to the E'<tabli«hed Chureh, 80 to the Free Church, and S 

 each to United Presbyterians, Baptists, and Episcopalians. There 

 were 82 mechanics institutions and a Toung Men's Mutual Improve- 

 ment Association, with an aggregate memberehip of 549. In 1852 

 there waa one savings bank in the county, at Inverness. The 

 total amount owing to depositors on November 20th 1852 was 

 19,140/. it. id. 



INVERUBY. [Aberdeenshibe.] 



ION A, also known by the names of Icolmkill and Hii or I, is one 

 of the Hebrides, in the district of Mull, Argyleshire, Scotland. It ia 

 situated on the western side of the Isle of Mull, from which it is 

 separated by a narrow channel called the * Sound of I.' Its length is 

 8 miles, and at its widest part it is about 1 mile in breadth. It is 

 traversed by a mountain range ; the surface consists of moor ooa^ 

 sionally varied by pasture. The village consists of a few huts inhabited 

 by a population of about 450. The island waa anciently inhabited by 

 Dniids, who were expelled by the Christians about the time that St. 

 Columba came to Britain (a.D. 565). He founded a monastery and 

 college on the island, which became the seat of learning during a 

 prolonged period of prevailing ignorance and superstition. About 

 the beginning of the 9th century the Danes put to death the greater 

 part of the monks, forcing the remainder to seek safety in flight At 

 the Reformation the revenues were united to the see of Argyle, and 

 upon the abolition of episcopacy they were obtained by the Ai^le 

 family. The island is interesting on account of its architectural and 

 other antiquities. The choir of the chapel, chancel, and chapter-house 

 are still very entire. There are two fine ancient orosxes in the church- 

 yard, and the tombstones of several Danish and Scottiih kings. {New 

 Statittical Account of Scotland ; M'CuUoch, Bighlandt, d-c. ; Johnson, 

 Tour to the Bebridet ; Billings, A ntiquities.) 



lO'NlA and lONIAKS. loninns is the name of one of the various 

 peoples included in ancient history tinder the general name of 

 Hellenes or Greeks. [ACU.EA ; JEouans; Dorians.] The origin of 

 the lonians is involved in ^reat obscurity. The name occurs in the 

 'Iliad' only once, and in the form ' laones' (N. 685); but not many 

 yean after the war of Troy, the lonious appear as settled in Attics, 

 and also in the northern part of the Pelo|>ounesu^ along the coast of 

 the Corinthian Oulf. Hero<lotus (viii. 44) says that the Athenians 

 were originally Pelaagi, but that after Ion, the son of Xuthus, became 

 the leader of the forces of the Athenians, the people got the name of 

 lonians. Whatever may be the historical origin of the Ionian name, 

 Athenians and lonians came to be considered as one and the aame 

 people. [Athens.] In the Peloponnesus the lonians occupied the 

 northern coast of the peninsula, which was then called Ionia, and also 

 XliMaxkU Ionia; and the aea which separates Peloponne«iui from 

 aoutbem Italy assumed the name of Ionian Sea, which it still retains. 

 When the Dorians invaded the Peloponnesus, about B.C. 1100, 

 the Aclieci being driven thence gathered towards the north, and 

 occupied Ionia, which after that time to<ik the name of Arhroa. The 

 lonians of the Peloponnesus emigrated to Attica, whence, being 

 straitened for want of space, they resolved to seek their fortune 

 beyond the sea, under the guidance of the son* of Codrus, the last 

 king of Athens, about B.o. 1044. This was the great Ionian migration, 

 a* it is called. The emigrants consisted of natives of Attica, as well 

 as of Ionian refugees from the PalopooBMUs, and a motley band Crom 



