﻿MS 



IOWA. 



IRELAND. 



294 



Government, Judicature, <ic. — The constitution by which the present 

 goTemmeot of Iowa is regulated wa» adopted in 1846. By it the 

 right of voting in all state elections, &o. appertains to every male 

 white citizen of the United States, infamous and insane persona 

 excepted, who has resided in the state for six months, and in the 

 county in which he claims to vote 30 days. The legislative body, 

 styled the general assembly, consists of 30 members who are elected 

 for four years (one half to be chosen every two years), and must be 

 25 years of age ; and a houae of representatives consisting of S9 

 members who are elected for two years, and must be 25 years old. 

 The number of legislators is made dependent, tu a certain extent, 

 upon the population of the state ; the representatives must not 

 exceed 72 in number ; the senators must not be less than a third, 

 sor more than half of that number. The number of members and 

 their apportiuumrnt amoug the counties is to be in accordance with 

 a state census made for the purpose biennially of the number of 

 white male citizens. The governor, who has a qualified veto on the 

 acts of the legislature, is elected for four years, and has a salary of 

 1000 dollars : he must be 30 years of age and have resided for two 

 years in the state. Among the special provisions of the constitution 

 it is enacted tliat — no law shall embrace more than one object, and 

 that object must be expressed in its title : no person holding any 

 lucrative office under the state, or United States, is eligible to a seat 

 in the house of representatives : no divorce shall be granted by the 

 legislature: no state debt shall be created exceeding 100,000 dollars, 

 except in case of war or insurrection, unless authorised by a special 

 law which shall provide for the payment of the iutere-<t and of the 

 principal within 20 years, which law shall be irrepealable, and before 

 going into effect must be submitted to the people at a general election, 

 after sufficient public notice, and be approved by ■ majority of the 

 voten : no corporation with banking privileges shall be created ; aud 

 all persons or associations shall be prohibited by law from banking 

 or creating paper to circulate as money : corporations for other than 

 banking purposes may be organised under general laws; the state 

 ■hall never become a stockhold.r in any corporation. The funded 

 debt of the state is 81,795 dollars, of which the interest is about 

 8000 dollan. The revenue is derived from taxes upon real and 

 personal property. The total revenue for the two years endmg 

 October Slut 1852 was 139,683 dollars ; the expenditure fur the same 

 period was 131,631 dollars. No return has been mads of the state 

 militia. 



The judicature consists of a supreme court, district courts, and 

 oourta of local jurisdiction. The supreme court has appellate juris- 

 diction in chancery cases, and in common law cases under certain 

 restrictions; it is presided over by a chief justice and two assistant 

 iustioes, who are elected by joint vote of the general assembly for a 

 term of six years, and receive a saUry of 1000 dollar* a year each. 

 There are nine district courts, each of which is presided over by a 

 judge, who is elected by the people of the district for a term of hve 

 years, and receives a salary of 1 000 dollan a year. The courts of 

 local jurisdiction ara preaidnd over by justice* of the peace, and have 

 jurisdiction in civil cases where the amount in dispute does not exceed 

 100 dollars, or by consent 500 dollars. 



The constitution provides that a auperintandant of public instruction 

 ahall be elected by the people every three years ; and that all lauds 

 granted by Congress to the state, all wcheated lands, aud the per- 

 centage granted by Congress on the sale of public lands in Iowa, shall 

 constitute a perpetual fund, the interest of which, and tiie rents of the 

 unsold lands, shall be applied to the support of common schools; and 

 that one such school shall be provided by the assembly in each school 

 district for at least three months in the year. It also seta apart 

 various fiues, &c., for the maintenance of the aohoola and the establish- 

 ment of school libraries. It furth r provide* fur the support of a 

 state uuivemity. In 1860 Iowa possesixd 3 college*, havinj; 8 teachers 

 and 75 pupils; and 742 public schools, having 880 teachers and 29,616 

 pupils. The total number of children attending school, as returned 

 by fiimilies, was 35,466, including 17 free coloured children. The 

 Dumber of adults unable to rea<l and write was 6235, of whom 2318 

 were native* of the United State*, and 2917 forei^ers. The return 

 of churches and ctiurch accommudutiou was too imperfect to be of 

 any value. The namber of newspapers and periodicals published in 

 the sute in 1850 was 29, circulating 1,512,800 copies annually. 



The flr<t settlement was made iu Iowa by French Canadians at 

 Dubuqua in 1086. The country formed a portion of the French 

 proviiioe of Louisiana, purchased .by the United States in 1803. 

 From that time it was in';luded in the territory of Misiouri till 1821, 

 when it became a part of the territory of Michigun, aud subsequently 

 of that of Wisconsin. In 1838 it was erected into a distinct govern- 

 ment with the title of the Territory of Iowa, and included within its 

 limits the whole of the pre-ieot territory of Minnesota west of the 

 river Mississippi. In December 1846 it was admitted into the Union 

 a* on independent state; its area being circumscribed within ita 

 present boundaries. Since its acquisition by the United States there 

 Dave boen fiequent 'difficulties' with the native Indians; but the 

 •sveral tribes have been successively expelled or induced to leave the 

 territory, and there are now no Indians iu Iow& 



(Coltun, Haskell and Smith, and Lippinoott, Oattitetri of (As UniUd 

 Statu; Settntk Cmtut of the United Statu, Ofieial Xeport, 1863; 



Dr. Dale Owen, Report of a Geological Survey of Wiacovsin, Iowa, <fcc.; 

 Marcou, Geological Map of United Statu; American Almanac, 1854.) 

 IPSAM13UL. [Abousamboul-I 



IPSWICH, Suffolk, a market-town, port, municipal and parliament- 

 ary borough, the chief town of the county, and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, is situated in 52° 3' N. lat., 1° 9' K. long, distant 69 miles 

 N.E. from London by road, and 68 miles by the Eastern Counties 

 railway. The population of the borough of Ipswich in 1851 was 

 32,914. The livings are iu the archdeaconry of Suffolk and diocese 

 of Norwich. The borough is governed by 10 aldermen and 30 

 coimcillors, of whom one is mayor ; and returns two members to the 

 Imperil! Parliament. Ipswich Poor-Law Union contains 14 parishes, 

 with an area of 7270 acres, and a population in 1851 of 32.104. 



Ipswich is pleasantly situated on the side of a hill near the junction 

 of the rivers Orwell and Gipping. The town was pillaged aud the 

 fortifications were destroyed by the Danes in 991 and iu 1000. Ipswich 

 had a charier from King John in the first year of his reign, and has 

 returned two members to Parliament since the 25th of Henry VI. 



The streets are well paved, lighted with gas, and plentifully supplied 

 with water. There are many good buildings, especially in the modem 

 portion of the town ; the older streets are narrow and irregular; some 

 of the old houses ate decorated with curiously-carved figures. Many 

 of the honiies have convenient gardens attached, which render f pswich 

 an agreeable and healthy place of residence. 



Ipswich had 31 places of worship in 1851, of which 15 belonged 

 to the Church of England, 4 to Methodists, 2 to Baptists, 2 to Inde- 

 pendents, and one each to Quakers, Houian Catholics, Unitarians, aud 

 Jews. The total number of sittings provided was 16,017. The 

 number of day schools was 91, with 4262 scholars. There were 15 

 Sunday schools, with 1609 scholars. The literary iuntitute had a 

 library of 6000 volumes; the meohauioa institute had a library of 

 5924 volumes. The Oraraniar school, founded in the reign of 

 Edward IV., has an income from endowment of 1161. 6». 8d. ; it has 

 six scholarships, and two exhibitionsat Pembroke College, Cambridge; 

 the number of scholars in 1853 was 180. The mother-church of 

 Ipswich is St. Mary-le-Tower; it is attended by the judges, the mayor 

 and corporation, the Grammar school, &o. St. Mary's church is of 

 the 14 th century. It has a peal of ten very fine bells, and the oigau 

 is one of the best in the kingdom. The church of St. Lawrence is a 

 fine example of the perpendicular style; and some of the other 

 churches are interesting buildings. A museum for the study of 

 natural history among the working classes has been founded by 

 Mr. George Kaosonie. There are some almshouses ; and an hospital 

 entitled the East Suffolk and Ipswich hospital, founded in 1836. wliich 

 receives 38 in-door patients, and has an -average of 170 out-door 

 patient*. Among the public buildings are the town-hall, the custom- 

 house on the quay, the Oorn-exchange, the county jail, the borough 

 jail, oourt-bousea for the assizes and sessions, a temperance hall, 

 an assembly room, and a theatre. A handsome building, the founda- 

 tion atone of which was laid by Prince Albert, accommodates the 

 Grammar aobool, public library, and museum. Ipswich has two 

 prosperous savings banks. A county court is held iu the town. An 

 arboretum has been recently formed. Among the old edifices may be 

 mentioned Cardinal VVoUey's Gateway and Sparrowe's House. 



The river Orwell has been deepened aud otherwise improved, and a 

 wet dock covering about 33 uci'es has been constructed. Vessels 

 drawing 15 feet of water can Boat in the dock. The exports consist 

 chietly of com, malt, cheese, butter, aud agricultural implements and 

 machinery. Coal, iron, and timber are largely iuiported. Malting, 

 shipbuilding, paper-making, an' I stay-making are somewhat ext'usively 

 carried on. Constant communication is kept up with Harwich by 

 steam-vessels ou the Orwell. The number of vexsels registered at the 

 port 01' Ipswich on December 31st 1853 was as follows : — Under 50 

 tuns 51, tonnage 1463; aoove 50 ton^) 112, touu ige 12,180: steam- 

 vessels 5, tonnage 192, and 4 of 447 toni. The ve-^els entered aud 

 cleared during 1863 amounted to:— Coasting tnde, iuwards 1425, 

 tonnage 108, .j24 ; outwards 700, tonnage 33,093 : steam-vesxels, 

 inwards 289, tonnage 31,019; outwards 287, tonnage 30,166. Colonial 

 aud foisign trade: — British vessels, inwards 71, tonnage 6888 ; out- 

 wards 68, tonnage 7117 : foreign vessels, inwards 62, tonnage 5759; 

 outwards 31, tonnage 3759. A market for com and cattle ia held on 

 Tuesday ; a geuurol market ou Tuesday and Saturday. Fairs are held 

 in May, August, ami September. The banks of the river Orwell 

 display some beautiful scenery in the neighbourhood of Ipswich. In 

 the vicinity aie many fiiui residences of opuleut families. 



1KAK.-AJEMI. I Persia.] 



IllAKAKABL [Baubdad.] 



IRAPUATO. [Mkxiuo.J 



lUAWADDY. [B1B.VIA.J 



lUEB^T. [CUMBEBLAMU.J 



IKEO. [Croatia.] 



IKELAND, the second in size of the British Islands, lies west of 

 Great Britain, iu the Atlantic Oovau, between 51" 26' and 55° 21' N. 

 Ut., 5° 20' and 10" 26' W. long. The arm of the Atlantic which 

 separates Ireland from Great Britain is narrowest at its northern 

 extremity, where it is called the North Channel, and the oppoaita 

 coasts approach within 13 miles, between the Mull of Cantyre in 

 Scotland and Fair Head in the county of Antrim. Southward from 



