﻿IRELAND. 



IRVINK. 



Th* produce of oom, baao*, aod p«u, raduo»d to too* of 2S40 lb*. 

 mch, »H 2,182.614 tona in 164»; 8,113,327 ton* in 18S0; and 

 9,166,854 toiM in 18S1. The quantity of poUtoM grown in 1861 

 •iDouutad to 86,688,176 btrreU of 2U ttoiiM fch, or 4,441,028 tona. 



Tb« number of ewh deaoriptiun of lire itook on 670,338 holding! 

 (of which 29,057 holdings esoewled 100 Mm) in Ireland in the jear 

 1851, itood M follow* :— Hor*e* and mulet, 548,313 ; aaaea, 1SS,»81 ; 

 oatUe, 8,967.461 ; aheep, 2,123,138 ; pig^ 1,084,867 ; goat*, 285,318; 

 poultry, 7,470,694. The aatimatrd value of the live stock throughout 

 Inland in 1841 wa* 31,106,8U8{. ; in 1847 it was 34,880,647<.i in 

 1860 it WHS 26,951,9571. ; in 1851 it wa* 37,787,8981. 



In 1851 there were 17,176 deer in Ir<-laod, namelT :— in Leinster, 

 4867; Munster, 7008; UUter, 8880; and in Conuaugbt, 1930. 



The Commiasionera employed in procuring the ' Return* of the 

 Cennu'of Ireland in 1861, in their report to the Lord-Lieutenant, 

 oongratnUte hi* Excellency on " the evidence which " the " table* 

 afford of the steadily iucrrasing amount of farm stock, and the 

 generally imprured condition of agriculture in Ireland." 



The Flora t>f Ireland contains some rare varietiea; the Arbuhu 

 M^mfn flourishes along the lakea of Killaruey ; new varietiea of saxi- 

 frage and ferns havelieen discovered on the Kerry Mountains ; scarce 

 al^ns plant* are found in Connemara, Benbulben Mountain in Sligo, 

 and io the county of Antrim ; and many new or rare species of Algce 

 have been met with on various parts of the coast. 



The rlk or moose deer formerly had it* habitat in Ireland, where its 

 bones have been found in several places. Wolve* were ouce iiumt-r- 

 ona, and the Irish wolf^log, a race now all but extinct, was kept for 

 hunting them. Venomous animals are unknown. The surrounding 

 sa«s abound with round, flat, and shell-fish ; the sun-fish frequents 

 the western coast, which is occasionally visited also by whales. 

 [Qalwat Cocntt.] Seals are met with about the exposed head- 

 landa. 



OuvemTMtU, Sevmut, Ac. — The executive government is administered 

 hy a viceroy, whose official title is Lord-Lieutenant-0>-neral and 

 General Governor of Ireland. The Lord-Lieutenant is assisted by a 

 privy council, appointed by the crown, and by a chief secretary, a 

 member of the Uuuse of Commons. Ireland is represented in the 

 Imperial Parliament by 4 spiritual and 28 tempoi-al peers, and 106 

 commoner*, namely, 64 for the 82 counties, 2 for Dublin University, 

 12 for the cities and towns of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, WHterford, 

 Belfast, and Oalway, and 37 for the boroughs. The number of electors 

 on the r gister for 1852 53 was 179,48S, being 149,S54 for the counties, 

 and 29,634 for the buroughn. The militia of Ireland comprises, when 

 embodied, 88 regiments, namely : 6 of 10 companies each ; 1 of 9 com- 

 panies; 1 4 of 8 companies each ; 15 of 6 companies each; and 2 of 7 com- 

 panies each. The constabulary force consists of 12,846 men, Including 

 620 officers, and cost 672,54 U. in 1852, of which 29,0071. was charged 

 on the counties, cities, and towns of Ireland, the rest being charged 

 on the consolidated fund. The judicial establishment consinta of the 

 loid-chancelior, tlie master of the rolls, four jmlges each in the Courts 

 of Queen's B<nob, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, those of the 

 Exchequer being Ktyled B^rocs, a Bankrupt Court with two judgeK, 

 two commissioners of the Insolvents' Court, and the judges of the 

 Prerogative Court and the Admiralty. The superior courts are held 

 in Dnolin. For the assizes there are six circuits, in which two of the 

 jndges try causes twice a year, in spring and summer. There are 696 

 petty sessions courts in Ireland. "I'bereare 34 county prisons, 10 city 

 or town prisons, and 114 bridewells : of the county prisons 27 have 

 treadmill*. In the year 1862 the number of summitry convictions 

 for [>etty offencea was 69,215 ; for drunkenness 19.504 ; the number 

 of ca««s at assise* and quarter-sessions was 17,678; the number of 

 conviction* was 10,454 ; of these the sentence* for 6 months' 

 imprisonment and under amounted to 6446 ; the capital seuten<'** to 

 22 ; the number of exeeutions wa* 6. I'he number of male convicts 

 in custody on January 1st 1863 was : — In depflts, 8567 ; in jail* 477 : 

 total 4044. Uf female convicts tliere were 187 in custody. The 

 number of pnupers receiving relief at the Union Workhouse* in 1862 

 waa, indoor, 604,864, out 'lour, 14,911 : toUl 619,776. The total 

 axpense of the PoorLaw e*tablishnient for 1852 was 888,2671. ; for 

 the year ending September 29tb 1853, the total expenditure waa 

 814,0001. The total number of persons receiving relief on October 

 16tli 1861 was 146,743; on October 16th 1852 it was 115,810; on 

 October 16th 1B63 it had fallen to 82,846. From 1848 to 1861 

 tliere were sent to the Australian colonies 4385 orphan girls from 

 woikhousas in Ireland, the government grantin/ a free passage, and 

 the boards of guardians in each case defraying the co*t of outfit and 

 conveyance to the port of embarkation. In the year ending March 

 1858, the total number of emigrants sent out or assisted to emigrate 

 by boanis of guardians was 8825, from 98 unions, of whom 495 were 

 males of 15 years of age and upwanis, and 2218 femalea, with 1116 

 children under 16 yean of age dependent on them. 



By an Act passed in 1849 (12 and 18 Vict cap. 77), a Commission 

 for tbe Bale of locumbend Estates was appointed, the operations of 

 which have been eonsidersd on all hands tu be highly beneficial, and 

 to give promise of much improvement in the social condition of the 

 Irish people. Large estates have thus been transferred from bankrupt 

 proprietoni, groaning under the weight of irredeemable mortgages and 

 without capital to employ labour, to the handi of competent and 



improving landlords, of whom a large proportion an skilful oulti- 

 vatars from EngUuid and Scotland. From the opening of the court 

 in October 1849 to October 31st 1868, tbe number of loU sold by 

 th* Commiuioners waa 6809; th* gross amount nalised waa 

 10,480,4681., of which 7,578,483t. bad been applied in liquidaUon of 

 claims upon tbe estates sold. About 1,691,702 aorea, the net nntal 

 of which is estimated at 685,7281., have tiiiu bean disposed of to new 

 owners. 



The ordinary nvenue of Ireland for th* year 1863, exclusive of th* 

 receipts from the Crown lands, amounted to 8,816,3671. 4s. 6<<. ; th* 

 expenditun, so fsr as paid from the Irish exchequer, wss 3,576,802^ 

 5<. IQd. Tbe gross amount rsoeived for Customs duties in 186S 

 was 2,080,4691.; for Excise, 1,682.8021. 18j: id. The gross incoma 

 from the Irish Pnst-ofHce in 1852 was 300,2621. ; tbe cost of mauag*. 

 ment waa 192,6671. The number of letter* which passed through ui« 

 post-office in one week in November 1839 was 179,931 ; the number 

 m one week in November 1868 wa* 778,816. The number of po*t- 

 offlce orden issued at the post-offices throughout Ireland in 185S 

 waa 898,879, nprasenting an amount of 656,1111.; the number paid 

 during the aame period was 526,284, amounting in value to 730,4901, 

 There an 108 newspapers published in Ireland, of which 27 appear in 

 Dublia Of the whole number 8 an published daily (in Dublin) ; 18 

 three times a week ; 21 twice a week ; 4 monthly ; 1 ocoasiousUy ; 

 and the rest once a weak. The number of newspaper stamps isauM 

 in 1862 was 8,519,987. 



Rdigion and Hducaticn. — Inland is divided into two eoolasiastical 

 proviuces, the northern province having the Anhbisbop of Armsgh, 

 Primate and Metropolitau of all Inland, as ita president, and th* 

 southern province having the Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of 

 Ireland as its metropolitaiL Tbe income of the two archbishopx, and 

 of their ten sufi'ragan bishops, amounts to 67.6391. The number of 

 the clergy is about 2000. "The dignitaries of the Roman Catholic 

 Church are the four archbishops of Armagh. Dublin, Casbel, and 

 Tuam, and 85 bishops. The number of parochial clergy is upwards 

 of 2000. Of Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist, and Independent 

 cimrches and ministers there are upwards of 800. The Univenity of 

 Trinity College, Dublin, comprises a provost, 7 senior fellows, 28 

 junior fellows, and 70 soholars. The library include* about 106,000 

 printed volumes, and 1600 mauuacripte ; there is also a well-etooked 

 botanic garilen and a museum. Tbe income of the college amounta 

 to about 64,0001. a year, about half of which is received from the 

 student* and graduates. Tbe number of students is about 1500. 

 The Queen's Colleges, opened for stuilents in October, 1849, bad at 

 the close of tbe session in June 1858 tbe following number of students: 

 —Belfast, 182; Cork, 126; (}al»ay, 124. At Maynuoth College, for 

 the e<lucation of Roman Catholics for the priesthood, then were 616 

 students in December 1851. The College of St Columba, at White- 

 church, Kathfarnham, near Dublin, is a classical preparatory school, 

 under tbe management of members of the Establishsd Churcb. In 

 1849 then were in Ireland 7 Royal Endowed schools attended by 

 889 boys, and 8 Private Endowed school* attended by 51 boys. In 

 September 1852 there were 4875 National icbools in operation, with 

 an attendance of 540,310 scholars, about six-aeventh* of whom were 

 lioman Catholics. The number of teachers trained during 1852 was 

 302, of whom 240 were Roman Catholioa, Nine district Model schools, 

 133 Workhouse schools, a Model farm (at Glaanevin, near Dublin), and 

 25 Model Agricultural schools, have bean established by the National 

 Board. In December 1852 there were 28 Woikhouse Agricultural 

 schools, with 33 J5 pupils. The Church Education Society had 1868 

 schools in the year 1853, with 105,887 pupils, of whom 61,630 wen 

 of tbe Established Church, 16,674 Protestant Dissenters, and 38,083 

 Roman Catholioa. 



Shi/iping. — The number of sailinK-vessels registered as belonging to 

 the various ports of Ireland on December 81st 1858 was: — Uudar 

 50 tons 1037, tonnage 29,721; ab.ive 50 tons 1061, tonnage 199,419. 

 The number of steam-vessels was : — Umler 50 tons 17, toniutge 554; 

 above 50 tons 104, tonuaga 89,670. lu the coasting anil cnixs-chnunel 

 trade during 1858 the number of sailing-veesels inwards wa* 18,101, 

 tonnage 1,417,465; outwards 8570, tonnage 648,195 : of steam-vessels 

 4860 of 1,484,187 tons entered, and 4692 of 1,459,410 tons cleared. 

 In tbe colonial and foreign trade there entered 1 159 British vessels of 

 384,893 tons, and 1195 foreign vessel* of 237,499 tons, and 2 British 

 steam-vessels of 704 tons; and there cleared 639 British vessels of 

 144,204 tons, 1014 foreign vessels of 219,106 tons, and 3 British 

 steam-vessels of 166 tons. 



Savtnff$ Bantt. — Tbe number of savings banks in Ireland on 

 November 20tb 1852 was 61 ; tbe number of accounts remaining 

 open at that date was 52,184 ; and the total amount owing to 

 dapositon was 1,449.2971. 16«. Id. 



IRELAND ISLAND. [Bibmcdab.] 



IRELAND, NEW. [New Ibxlmd.] 



IRIS, RIVER. LAnATOti*.] 



IRKUT.sK. rSlBKBiA.] 



IRON ACTON. [Uloijcbstkbseibb.] 



IRUNVILLE. [DCHBTSHlBCj 



IRTISCH. [SiBXRiA.] 



IRUN. [BAsqoE PROviMon.] 



IRVINE, Aynhin, Scotland, a royal and parliamentary burgh, 



