﻿ITALY. 



IVIZA. 



etudy of the Roman law, the arrival of mauy learned Greek refugees 

 flying from the Ottoman conqueror, the influ'-'noe of the Roman 

 hierarchy, whoae language was the Latin — all these circumstances 

 gave a ^enei-al impulse towards classical learning, and the Italian 

 literati disdained to write except in the language of their presumed 

 forefathers. Alberti, Braci;iolini, Bruni, Filelfo, Panormita, Platina, 

 Fontano, Valla, Ficiuo, and other learned men and also women of 

 that age wrote in Latin. But Lorenzo de' Medici at Florence, the 

 Este at Ferrara, the Gonza/a at Mantua, countenanced Italian poetry ; 

 and Pulci, Bello, and Bojardo gave the first specimens of the Italian 

 epic, while Puliziano and Lorenzo himself excelled in lyrics. In this 

 same century Cennino Cennini wrote an Itydian treatise upon painting, 

 and the illustrious Leonardo da Vinci, painter, architect, and engineer, 

 composed his precepts on the same art, which were published long 

 after his death, ' Trattato della Pittura,' 1651. 



The 16th century was the second ei'a of Italian literature. It has 

 been styled the age of Leo X., because that pontiff, in the early part 

 of the century, surrounded himself with some of the most learned 

 men of his time. But the two great historians and statesmen, 

 Macbiavelli and Guicciardini, the ' Divino Ariosto,' and Michelangelo 

 Buonarrotti, who was sculptor, painter, architect, and poet, are four 

 names sufBcieut of them.selve8 to adorn any age or country ; and there 

 were numerous other excellent writers In almost every branch of 

 learning. The learned Sigonio, Baronius, Panvinio, Vida, the jurists 

 Alciati and Turamini, the mathematicians Maurolico and Canlano, 

 and many other men of science, wrote in Latin. The authors of the 

 16th century are called by the Italians ' Cinquecfntisti,' and are 

 considered as models of Italian wTiting, though some critics observe 

 in most of them a falling off from the freshness and raciuesa of the 

 great Florentine writers of the Hth cntury. 



The ITth century, called by the Italians the age of the ' Scientisti,' 

 exhibited a degeneracy of taste, both in literature and the arts. The 

 leaden yoke of Spanish viceroys, armed with all the terrors of dele- 

 gated absolutism and of clerical inquisition, ignorant or careless of 

 the very elements of government and administration, weighed heavily 

 over the finest regions of Italy. The Italian writers, and especially 

 the poets, adopted a turgid hyperbolical style, replete with false con- 

 ceptions and all the tinsel of rhetorical adulation. The school of 

 Marini and of his worse disciples has become proverbial as the school 

 of depraved taste in composition. However the same causes of 

 mental degradation and corruption did not o|>erate equally over all 

 the peninsula. Tuscany, Venice, Genoa, Piedmont, retained their 

 independence and with it their national spirit. Accordingly we meet 

 here and there with writers distiug\iished by their sentiments as well 

 as by their language, such as the celebrated Sarpi, the learned prelates 

 Beutivoglio, Pallavicino, and Bellarmino; the historian Davila; the 

 Jesuits Segueri and Bartoli ; the poets Guidi, Cbiabrera, Filicaja, 

 Tassoni, Kinuccini, Menzini; the painter and poet Salvator Uosa; 

 the phiioliigist Salvini ; while Italian science can boast in the same 

 ago of Galileo, Cassini, Torrieelli, Malpighi, Borelli, Marsigli, Redi, 

 Viviani, and Guglielmini. Antonio Serrn, one of the earliest, if not 

 the earliest, writer on political economy, published in 1613 a treatise 

 showing the various causes through which countries may become 

 enriched ; a work neglected and forgotten for ages after. The 

 historian Noris, the learned antiquarian Bianchiui, and the jurist 

 Gravina, wrote in Latin. 



In the 18th century Italian literature assumed a new character. 

 The historians Maffei, Hurntori, and Giannone, and the philosophic 

 writers Vico, Stellini, and Qenovesi, brought a new light into their 

 respective departments. The spirit of investigation and deep reflec- 

 tion was now busy at work. Goldoni effected a revolution on the 

 Italian stage, and Metastasio imparted a new vigour and poetical 

 freshness to the melodrama or opera. In the department of criticism 

 there were Zeno, Baretti, Gozzi, Mazzuchelli, and Cesarotti ; Milizia, 

 Lanzi, and Bottari wrote eloquently on the fine arts; Martini and 

 Tartini on music ; Vem, Carli, Oaliani, Neri, on political economy ; 

 Bettinelli, Tiraboschi, and Comiani, on the history of Italian litera- 

 ture ; Buonafede on the history of philosophy; Beccaria, Filangieri, 

 and Mario Pagano on legislation; Vallisnieri and Spallanzaui on 

 natural history ; Volta and Galvani on physics ; Denina on the history 

 of Italy ; Passeroui, Varano, and Parini wrote moral poetry ; and 

 lastly Alfieri created the Italian tragedy. 



The invasion of Italy by the French in 1796 and the political 

 revolution which followe<i, whilst they served to stimulate the minds 

 of the Italians to exertion, had an unfavourable influence upon the 

 language. French was the language of the conquerors, and it became 

 the fashionable language of the conquered. Those Italians, and tbey 

 formed an immense majority, who did not know French, intermixed 

 French idioms with their already imperfect and dialectic Italian, and 

 a spurious compound was thus formed which was neither French nor 

 Italian, and which found its way into the political essays, the news- 

 papers, the pleadings, and even the act") of government. A few writers, 

 formed in a better school, opposed the torrent; among these are 

 Alfieri, Monti, Foscolo, Ippolito Pindemonte, Napione, Cesari, and 

 Oiordaiii. The reaction against French stylo bai been continued by 

 later writers ; and Italy has in our own days produced eminent authors 

 n almost every branch of literature, science, and art. 



Italy, which has been for ages the nurse of the fine arts, has still, 



since the death of Canova, many respectable artists, but hardly a first- 

 rate sculptor or painter. With architects and engineers she is better 

 provided ; and the art of engraving is in a highly flourishing state. 



Religion. — The religion of Italy is the Roman Catholic, with the ex- 

 ception of a few valleys among the Alp3 of Piedmont, inhabited by the 

 Valdenses, and of the Jews, who live in most of the principal towns, 

 and have synagogues. At Leghorn, Florence, Venice, and other mer- 

 cantile places, chapels for foreiijn Protestants and Greeks are tolerated. 



ITAPARICA. [Brazil.] 



ITHACA. [Ionian Islands.] 



ITHOME. [Messenia.] 



ITZEHOE. [HoLSTEiN.] 



IVES, ST., Cornwall, a market-town, sea-port, and municipal and 

 parliamentary borough in the parish of St. Ives, is situated in 50° 12' 

 N. lat., 5° 28' W. long., distant 39 miles S.W. from Bodmin, and 

 277 miles S.W. by W. from London. The population of the municipal 

 borough in 1851 was 6525; that of the parliamentary borough was 

 9872. The borough is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, of 

 whom one is mayor; and returns one member to the Imperial Pai'lia- 

 ment. The living is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of 

 Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. 



The town of St. Ives is finely situated at the north-ea.stf>m extremity 

 of the spacious St. Ives Bay, near the entrance of the Bristol Channel. 

 St. Ives is a town of great antiquity, and h;i8 a picturesque appear- 

 ance. The church, a large low granite building of the time of 

 Henry V., stands close to the se-vshore. There are several chapels for 

 Dissenters, and a National school The harbour accommodates vessels 

 of 200 tons burden. It is the principal station of the pilchard fishery. 

 The number and tonnage of sailing-vessels registered as belonging to 

 the port on 31st December 1853 were : — Under 50 tons 63, tonnage 

 1380; above 50 tons 98, tonnage 11,038; and 4 stamens, with a 

 tonnage of 726. The number and tonnage of vessels that entered 

 and cleared coastwise during 1853 were:^SaiIing-ves8eU, inwards 

 1704, tonnage 127,151 ; outwards 939, tonnage 72,173 : steam-vessels, 

 inwards 180, tonnage 32,471 ; outwards 178, tonnage 32,242. In 

 the colonial and foreign trade there entered 56 vessels of 7928 tons, 

 and cleared 63 vessels of 9050 tons. In the vicinity of St. Ives are 

 extensive tin- and oopper-mine.s. Markets are held on Wednesday and 

 Saturday; fairs on May 29th, and the Saturday before Advent. 

 Abont a mile from the town is Tregony, or Tregenna Castle, a large 

 castellated mansion. The coast here is bounded by cliffs and rugged 

 rocks, and is somewhat dangerous to shipping. 



IVES, ST., Huntingdonshire, a market-town and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union in the parish of St. Ives, is situated on the left bank of 

 the river Ouse, in 52° 20' N. lat, 0" 4' W. long., distant 7 miles E. by 

 S. from Huntingdon, 59 miles N. from London by road, and 72| miles 

 by the Eastern Counties railway. The population of the town in 

 1851 was 3522. The town is governed by town commissioners. The 

 living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Huntingdon and diocese 

 of Ely. St. Ives Poor-Law Union contains 24 parishes, with an urea 

 of 64,135 acres, and a population in 1851 of 20,267. 



St. Ives is so called from Ivo, or St. Ives, a Persian ecclesiastic, 

 said to have visited England as a missionary about a.d. 600, and whose 

 supposed remains were discovered here some centuries afterwards. 

 On the spot where they were found the abbots of Ramsey, to whom 

 the manor belonged, built a church and a priory. The <love-house 

 and bam, and some fragments of the priory, are still standing. The 

 town stands on a slope ; the lower part is exposed to inundations of 

 the Ouse. A stone bridge of six arches forms the entrance to the 

 town on the London side ; an ancient building stands over one of the 

 piers. The approach to the bridge on the south is by a causeway 

 raised on arches, to admit the passage of the waters in the time of 

 floods. The streets ore well paved and lighted. Bi-ewiug and malting 

 are carried on. The market is on Monday, and is one of the largest 

 provincial markets in the kingdom for sheep and cattle ; there are 

 two large yearly fairs on Lady-day and Mich.ielmaa ; at the Michaelmas 

 fair much cheese is sold. The church ia a neat building, chiefly late 

 perpendicular. It has a handsome tower ami spire at the west end. 

 There are chapels for VVesleyan and Primitive Methodists, Indepen- 

 dents, and Baptists, and National and British schools. Slepe Hall was 

 for some time the residence of Oliver Cromwell. 



IVINGHOE. [BUCKINUHAMSHIUE.] 



IVIZA, IVIC^A, or IBIZA, the Ebuaut of the ancient geographers, 

 one of tho Balearic Islands, lies 50 miles S.W. from Majorca, and is 

 about 23 miles long from north-east to south-west, and about 15 miles 

 in its greatest breadth. It is divided by a channel four miles wide from 

 the island of Formentera, which lies due south of it. The south- 

 west point of Iviza is 60 miles E.N.E. from the Cabo San Martin, on 

 the coast of Valencia on the mainland of Spain. Tho coast is 

 indented by many small bays, the largest of which are those of Iviza 

 and San Antonio. The island is hilly and stony in many parts, but 

 in others very fertile. It produces oil and wine, corn, fruits of every 

 kind, has a large stock of sheep, and the sea near the coast abounds 

 with fish. The manufacture of salt in salt-pans constitutes a great 

 branch of industry. The mountains are covered with timber-trees. 

 Salt and timber are almost the only exports. The inhabitants are 

 indolent and uninformeil : their mode of agiiculture is slovenly. 

 They speak a dialect of the Limosin, the language of Catidonia, which 



