﻿tu 



IVBEA. 



JAFFA- 



IM 



is s bnnck of tha Romano* langiiaga onea nwkaa all orar U>a aouth 

 of Eorwio. Tbn oaptUl, Into, built on a peniaaaU on tha aouth-waat 

 ooaat of th* iiUoJ, ia fortifiad, haa a good harbour, and ooDtaina 

 about 6000 iiihabitanta : it haa a oathedral and aiz other chorohaa, 

 two hoapitala, and a publio aohool or gynmaaiom. San Antonio and 

 San Miguel ara two amall (owna. 



IVRE'A, a proTiooa of Piadmont, atretobea ftom the foot of tha 

 Alpa, which divide it from Savoy and the V*l-d'Ao«ta, aouthward to 

 the Po, and ia watered in ita IrDgth, which it about 20 mihia, by the 

 Dora BalteiL Tbe Oraa, another affluent of the Po, having iti aoiirce 

 on Mount laaran, one of the high Uraian Alpa, waters the weatem 

 paria of the province of Ivrva, where it borders upon that of Turin. 

 On the E, Ivrea ia bounded by the province of Vercelll, and N. by 

 that of Aoata, which with Ivrea cow forms an adounistnitive diatrict 

 of Piedmont. The country consista in great part of hills, being the 

 loweat ufbeta of the Alpine chain, and aome fine vallrys between; 

 the southern part of it merges into the great plain of the Po. The 

 aoil producea abundantly ooro, good wine, hemp, and pasture on 

 which a great number of cattle are fad. The system of irrii^tioii 

 by water drawn from the Dora and other streams is here in full 

 operation. Silk is an important product of tbe province. The 

 mountaina produce plenty of cheatnuta. This province was a 

 marquiaate in the middle agee, when Borengarius, marquis of Ivrea, 

 became king of Italy. It is called ' U Canaveae,' from the quantity 

 of hemp Ccaoapa ') nrhich it producea, and the inhabitants are noticed 

 in the ' History of Piedmont ' as quarrelsome aud warlike. The area 

 of tbe province is 561 square niilea, and tha population in 1818 

 numbered 168,561. 



The chief town, Jvrta, stands in a fine situation on the slope of 



a hill on tba left bank of the Dora, aeroas which is a Roman bridge 

 of a single aroh, at the entrance of tha lowland of Italy for travellera 

 ooming by the St-Bemard Paa. Ivrea ia an old-looking town, with 

 walla and • caatle ; it is a biahop'a see, haa six churchea, beaidea the 

 oathadral and aavaral oonventa, a aaminary for clerical students, a 

 royal oollag% an hospital, and about 8000 inhahitanta. There ara 

 some remains of antiquity at Ivrea, The oathedral is built on the 

 ruins of a temple of the Sun. Ivraa, oallad anciently Eporedia, was 

 a town of the Salaan, and aftarwarda wat ooloniaed by the Romans. 

 The town haa aome important lUk manufacturea, and a good trade 

 in rice, hemp, cheaae, and cattle. 



The other towna of the province are the fallowing, the population 

 in each caae ia that of the commune : — CtuteUamonle, with SI 00 

 inhabitanta ; Caluio, with a college, and 5600 inhabitanta ; Caotynt, 

 with a grammarsoUool, copper-works, and 6600 inhabitants ; AgliS, 

 with a castle, a handaome park, and 4500 inhabitants ; San Oiorgio 

 Cemavat, with a college, and 3700 inhabitants ; Loeana, with brasa- 

 works, and 6400 inhabitants ; VaJperga, with 3500 inhabitanta ; Ponte, 

 in a delightful valley watered by the Orca and its affluent the Saona, 

 with 4200 inbabitanU. In this valley are many natural ouriosities, 

 and the traces of silver and gold mines, raid to have been onos 

 workrd by the Romans. Copper is found in the Val-d'Orca, and iron 

 in the Val-Krozzo, where are several iron-works. There are sarenl 

 other small towns of above 2000 inhabitants. 



IVRY. [EoRK.] 



IVY-BRIDQE. [DEVONsniBB.] 



IXWORTH. [SorKOLK.] 



IZALCO. [Sar Salt^oob.1 



IZERNORR [Auf.] 



JACA. [Akaook.I 

 JACKSON, PORT. [STDNir.] 

 JACKSONVILLE. [Florida; iLuyois.] 



JAEN, a province of Spain, included in the territorial division of 

 Andalncia, is bounded N. by Castilla-la-Nueva, S. by the province of 

 Oranada, K. by the provinces of Hurcia and Qranada, and W. by the 



rvince of Cordova. It is situated between 37° 27' and 33 36' 

 lat., 2° 52' and 4° 20' W. long. The greateat length from north to 

 aouth ia about 75 miles, from east to west about 80 miles, the 

 average width being about 60 miles. The area is 4446 square miles. 

 The population in 1849 was 307,410. 



A general description of the provinces comprised in Andnlncia ia 

 given under that bead. [Ahoalucu] The northern part of this 

 provinoe is entirely filled with the ridges of the mountain range of 

 tha Siarra-Xorena, the summit-level of which forms the division 

 between the province of Jaen and tbe mo<lem province of Ciudad 

 Real, or La-Mancba, in Castilla-la-Nueva. The southern part of the 

 province is occupied by the offsets of the Uontes de Qranada, which 

 aeparate the province of Jnen from that of Qranada. The central 

 part of the province is an irregular valley in which several rivers and 

 nnmerons small streams unite to form the Quadalquivir, the slope of 

 the ground being generally from east to west 



TWiu. — The capital of the province ia the ancient city of Jam. 

 [Jabr.] Alc<Ua4a-Real, 82 milea S.W. from Jaen, stands on a conical 

 hill. 1 1 ia a piotur»-que town, with bold towers aud steep streets. 

 It was the stronghold of the Alcaifle Ibn Znide. In 1840 it was 

 taken by Alonxo XI. in person, and from him reoeived the epithet 

 Real (Ruyal). The bracon tower called La Mota was erected by the 

 Conde de Tendilla, the firat governor of the Albambra. Population, 

 6848. Andvjar, 22 miles N.W. from Jaen, is situated on the north 

 bank of the Uuadal(|uivir, which is hers eroi s e e d by a bridge. It stands 

 in a fertile plain, and is surrounded by gardena and orange-groves. 

 It contains a large church in what has been called the plateresco 

 style of architecture, which ia peculiar to Spain. This town is 

 distinguished for the manufacture of the porous earthenware vessels 

 oallsd alcarrasaa, which are used for cooling water. Population, 

 98SS. Baaa, 25 miles N.E. from Jaen, ia a handaome town situated 

 on an eminence overiooking a fertile plain between the rivers 

 Ouadalquivir and Quadalimar. It is the see of a bishop united with 

 Jmo, and oontaina a cathedral, the halls and coorta of a university, 

 tiM oratorio of San Felipe Neri, and a handsome fountain with 

 earyatides in the principal plaza. The population in 1846 was 10,851. 

 BajiU», 23 miles N. from Jaen, stands on the main road from Anda- 

 lod* to the Castilea over the 8ierra Morena by the pass of the 

 Daapafta Phtdi. It is a poor town, with old walls, a mined caitle, 

 lad • oiaohioolated tower. I'opulntion, 4076. The French army, 

 nadar Oenaral Dupont, was drfeated here, July 20, 1808. Carolina, 

 18 miles N. from Uaylen, a thriving town, with a population of about 

 2000, ia aituated on the same road, near tlie foot of the pass. It 

 would form a strong military pmition. lAnara, 25 miles N.N.B. 

 from Jaen, stands at the foot ot the Sierra Morena, in a plain 

 abundantly watered. There are mines of copper and lead in the 

 Ticinity, which were wrought by the Romans, and are still productive. 



Population, 6567. Martot, 16 miles W.S.W. from Jaen, standi on 

 the elope of a steep bill which is surmounted by a ruined castle. It 

 contains several churches. It is resorted to for its mineral waters. 

 Population, 11,000. Ubeda, 28 miles N.W. from Jaen, was originally 

 built by the Moors with the materials of tbe Roman Bsetula, now 

 Uboda la Vieja. It was taken by Alonzo VIII., and destroyed, 

 but «us afterwards rebuilt It contains a cathedral, which waa 

 originally a mosque, a fine hospital, and other good spedmena of 

 architecture. The vicinity is very fertile, and the inhabitanta are 

 mostlv employed in agricultural labours. The population in 1845 

 was 13,809. 



JAEN, a city of Spain, capital of the province of Jaen, formerly a 

 Moorish kingdom [Andaldcia], is situated in 87° 44' N. lat., 3° 43' 

 W. long. The population in 1345 was 17,327. It is built at tbe foot 

 of a hill, which is crowned by a castle, and overlooks an extensive 

 vega, or plain, through which the Rio de Jaen, passing tbe city on 

 the eastern side, fiows northward to the Ouadalquivir. Tbe hill is 

 rugged and steep, and appears to be the termiuution of the .Sierra de 

 Ja<-n, but is in fact cut off by a ravine, which converts it into an 

 isolated and very strong military post. A wall extends round the 

 brow of the hill inclosing an area of many acres, while the city wall, 

 fianked by towers, is carried up the irregular slopes of the hill, and 

 connected with the fortifications of the castle above. The principal 

 street of the city enciroles the base of the hill, and has other streets, 

 narrow and crooked, on each side. The houses, built of a dark- 

 coloure<l limestone, are massive and gloomy, with low doorways and 

 small windows, and the whole city has more appearance of antiquity 

 and of Moorish construction than either Cordova or Sevilla. Jaen, 

 conjointly with IWza, is the see of a bishop. The cathedral occupies 

 the site of the Moorish mosque, which was pulled down in 1492, and 

 replaced by tbe present structure about 1525, when the Qreoo- 

 Roman style in which it is built had been introduced into Spain by 

 Pedro de Valdelviro. It has four entrances, the western fa9ade being 

 flanked by two fine towers. The interior is Corinthian. The city has 

 another cathedral, several hospitals, public fountaina, and a beautiful 

 promenade. A new road from Jaen to Granada was opened in 1828. 

 Part of it passes through a tunnel undvr the Puerto de Arenas, a 

 part of tbe llontes de Qranada. The vicinity is very fertile. 



JAEN DE BRACAHOROS. [EcDADoa] 



JAFFA, a sea-port town in Syria, is situated on an eminence which 

 projecU into the Mediterranean, in 32' 3' 25" N. lat, 34' 46' 18' 

 E. long., 33 miles N.W. from Jerusalem, and has a fixed population 

 of about 4000. Tiie town is built on a hill, the top of which is 

 crowned with an old citadel ; on the land side it is surrounded by 

 high walls. The houses are built of stone, but the streets are narrow 

 and irregular. There are three mosques in the town, aud the 

 Catholics, Qreeks, and Armenians have each a convent The aea near 

 Jaffn is shallow aud strewed with rocks, so that vessels discbarge 

 and load about a mile from the shore, by means of small lighters 

 which land at the quay, the approach to which is defended by 

 two amall forts. The trade of the place is inconsiderable ; but Jaffa 

 has always been celebrated as the lamling-ploco for European pilgrims 

 to Jerusalem, in oonsequenoe most probably of its proximity to that 



