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JAVA. 



JAVA. 



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Siuuhdnaa, or «uipwm, aad Um aolUn. Their dominioDa eztaod 

 more tluui 250 miloi aloilK th« •oathem ooast, and form about ous- 

 fourth of tho whoU iaUnd. 



I. The Dutch pn— nioM are admiDUtared hy a govemor-ganera), 

 who ha* authority otw all th« Dut«h poaaaioiu in th« East, and i* 

 aaaittad by a aseretaiy-Mnaral and a oounoil of four memban, all of 

 Duteh daaoant. The island ia dirided into reaidenoiaa, or proTinoaa, 

 aadi adminiaterad by a European goremor, and divided into aub- 

 naidaiidai^ and thaaa wain into oommunea, in each of wtiich there ia 

 • juatto* of peaoa. The aupreme court for the whole iaiand haa 

 ita aeat in Bataria. There are diatriot oourta with auperior juriadiction 

 in BataTia, Samiraog, and Sorabiya. The inbabitiuita enjoy perfect 

 religiotu toleration. A good road run* along the northern ooaat from 

 Bantam nearly to Bali Strait From Bataria a branch road runs into 

 the interior through Buitenzorg <the capital of a aub-resideooy), and 

 joina the main road again near Cheribon. Another important branch 

 nina aouth from Samirang to Djokjo-Kerta, near the aouth ooaat, and 

 then nina north-eaat paat the magnificent ruins of Brambanan (where 

 about aeren aorea are oovered with the remains of maasive Hindoo 

 templee to Siva and Buddha), and down to SuraKerta, in the ridlvy 

 of the Solo. The Dutch hare many commercial stations on the south 

 of the island. Steamers ply regularly from Batavia to Singapore. 



The country west of 108° 80' comprehends the five resiliencies of 

 Bantam, Batavia, Buitensorg, the Preanger districts (which are 

 goTemed by native princea tributary to the Dutch), and Cheribon. 

 The most considerable and remarkable towns in this country are on 

 or near the northern shorea. Sirang, or Ceram, where the governor 

 of Bantam reaidea, ia a thriving plaoe some miles inland. Bantam 

 and BataVia are noticed in separate articles. Cheribon ia a thriving 

 aea-port town, with a good roadatead and 12,000 inhabitants. It 

 contains a beautiful mosque and a Christian church. In the interior 

 of the country is Baitemorg, a thriving and wdl-built town, 40 miles 

 from Batavia, and at the foot of the volcano of Pangerango. It 

 oontaina the summer palace of the governor-general and many fine 

 country houses. A navigable canal unites it to the harbour of Batavia. 

 The most considerable town in the Preanger districts is Chanjur. 



The Dutch poeseaaiona eaat of 103* 30' to the Strait of Madura 

 contain the nine provinces of Tegal and Brebes, Pakalongan, Kedii, 

 Samdrang, Japiira, Rembaug, Oreaek, and Surabdya. The chief towns 

 from weat to eaat are the following: — Samdrang, with more than 

 80,000 inhabitants, haa an extensive commerce in cofiee, pepper, and 

 rice. Foreign vessels are permitted to trade to it. The town is well 

 built, and haa a church, a military academy, theatre, hospital, and 

 observatory. It is an unhealthy place, but stands in a district of sur- 

 priaing fertility, Rembang has 8000 inbabitanta and some trade. 

 Swrnbdya ia situated on the Strait of Madura, which forms an excellent 

 and apaoiona harbour with good anchorage, and secure against the 

 violence of the sea and wind. It is one of the moet populous and 

 thriving towns of Java; ita population exceeded 80,000 in 1815. Its 

 harbour is open to foreign vessels. Surabiiya has a handsome govern- 

 ment house, a mint, and large storehouses, ship-building docks, a 

 naval arsenal, and a cannon foundry. The harbour is defended by 

 many forts and batteries. In the interior, in the vale of KedA, are 

 the extensive and admired ruins of the temples of Boro Bodor, and of 

 Mfjapahit, once the capital of Java. 



"The eaatem peninsula, which extenda to the Strait of Bali, is less 

 fertile than any part of the island, being almost entu-ely occupied by 

 mountains. It contains three provinces, Passaruan, Besuki, and 

 Banyuwangi, of which the last is noted for its coffee, which ia stated 

 to be superior to that of Mocha, and for the great quantity of 

 sulphur which abounds there. [Bantuwakol] Paaaaruan ia a small 

 town on the aea-coaat. 



II. The dominions of the Sustihfman, which contain a population 

 of nearly one million, consist of two separate tracts. 'The largext 

 Ilea between 108° 30' and 110* E. long., and oontaina the fertile vale 

 of Baayumaa, with the town of the same name, which haa 800U 

 inhabitanta. From thia the smaller portion is separated by the Vale 

 of Kedu and some territories of the Sultan. It lies in the interior of 

 the iaiand, between 110' 80' and 111* 20' E. long., and contains the 

 reaidenee of the SusuhAnan, called Sura-Kerta, or SuerKnrto, on the 

 Solo River, which haa a population of 105,000. This town is now 

 the capital of a Dutch residency, and haa a Dutch garrison and fort 



III. The t«rritories of the Sultan extend belweenllO* and 112° 20' 

 K. long., and contain nearly 700,000 inhabitants. In their eastern 

 dlatricts la the fertile plain of Kediri. The capital ia Yuffya-Kerta, 

 or Ifjckjo-Kerfa, a town with 90,000 inhabitants. In ita vicinity 

 are the ruioa of Biambanan, called Chandi Sewu, or the Thousand 

 Tern plea. 



ItUiobUanit. — Tlie native* of Java belong to the widely spread race 

 of the MaUyi. They profe** Mohammedanism, which was introduced 

 ■BMBg them in the 1 4th century, and is modified by the dootrinea and 

 onvmoniea of Buddhism. Three different dialecta of the Malay 

 langoan are spoken on the island, but they have also an ancient 

 aaerad language called Kawi, which contains a great number of Sanscrit 

 words. The Javanese have a native literature, which however is not 

 rich. They have alao tranalatlons from the Sanscrit and Arabic ; the 

 trtter are few in number and aolely on subjects of religion and juris- 

 prudence. In civUiaation the Javaneaa are much aupcnor to all other 



natjona who inhabit tb* Indian AroUpelMO. Thia ia evidently shown 

 by the atate of their agrioultore, though It oannot be oompared with 

 that of the Uindooa or Chineee. In the art of flabing they are very 

 expert. The Javaneae are distinguished in working gohl. Their 

 ootton cloth is coarse but durable. The raw-silk, imported ttom 

 China, is manufactured into a rich thick tissue. The Javanea* ahow 

 also conaiderable skill in the construction of their ve**els aud boata, 

 of which there is a great variety. The fishing-boat*, aooording to the 

 description given of them by Captain Keppel, are justly entitled to 

 be called ' flying canoes.' 



Besides the native population of Java many foreignen are aattled 

 on the island, oompriaing Chinese, Malays, Hindoo*, Bugia, Arabian 

 merchants, and slaves brought by the Europeana and Chineae from 

 Bali and Celebes. 



Commerce. — Java ia extremely well adapted for an extensive com- 

 merce. Batavia is the centre of all the trade which Holland Carrie* 

 on with ita extensive aettlements in the Indisn Arcbipelaga The 

 exports of theae countriaa, intended for the European and American 

 marketa, are likawiae sent to Java and thence to Europe. The trade 

 of the island was always open to the independent Asiatic nations, and 

 since its re-occupation by the Dut<:h the veesels of all Euro|>ean nations 

 are admitted into the porta of Batavia, Samdrang, and Surabiya. 



The exporta from Java to Europe and America are chiefly coffee, 

 sugar, rice, pepper, and arrac ; minor articlea are, long pepper, cubeb 

 pepper, ginger, turmeric, oajeput oil, tamarinds from Madura, specie, 

 sapan, rattans, and some hides and horns of buffaloe* and oxen ; also 

 vessels built of teak, and teak-timber. The imports are ootton fabrica, 

 eepecially chintzes, white-cottona, handkerchiefs, and velvets ; broad- 

 cloth ; iron, steel, some cutlery, nails, and small anchora ; Banca tin, 

 copper, some fire-arms and ammunition ; glassware and earthenware ; 

 opium ; Wenham Lake ice, &a 



The Chinese chiefly visit the harbovuv of Batavia and Samdrang, 

 and import black tea, coarse porcelain, wrought iron (principally in 

 the form of pans for the sugar-houses, and other culinary vessels), 

 cotton-cloths, raw and wrought silk, especially aatius of various 

 colours, with a few velvets and brocadea, braaa-ware, paper, books, 

 paint, shoes, fans, umbrelliu, and toys. They take in return blnck 

 pepper, long pepper, sandal-wood, mostly imported from the island 

 of Timor, betel-nut, beee'-wax, cotton, edible birds' -nesta, aharka' fins, 

 rhinoceros homa and hides, ox and buffido hidea and homa, European 

 woollens and cottons. 



The inhabitants of the other islands of the Indian Archipelago 

 carry on an active commerce with Java by meana of the Bugis, or 

 inhabitants of Boni, in Celebes. These active navigatore and 

 adventurers leave their country in the beginning of the eastern mon- 

 soon, and carry on a trading voyage as they proceed westward, until 

 they reach the limit of their navigation at Malacca, Penang, and Achin, 

 and prepare to return with the change of the monsoon. The com- 

 modities which they export from their own country and the islands 

 which they visit before they arrive at Java are, the durable cotton- 

 cloth of their native country, gold-dust, nutmegs, Spanish dollars, 

 camphor, frankincense, aud tortoiseshell. They take in return 

 birds' -nests, European and Indian cotton goods, unwrought iron, salt, 

 rice, different kiuds of pulse, and tobacco. 



The inhabitants of Coromandel and Malabar bring to Java blue 

 cotton-cloth, cotton chintzes, and tobacco ; and take in return betel- 

 nut, bees'-wax, black pepper, nutmegs, and mace, brought from the 

 Moluooaa, ivory and damar from Borneo and Sumatra, and tin from 

 Banca. 



A few veaaela from Mocha in Arabia annually visit Java. They 

 first go to Malabar and import cotton-cloths, fniits, and bullion; and 

 take in return doves and nutmeg, black pepper, betel-nut, rioe, aud 

 sugar. 



In the year 1S31 the total value of the imports into Java and Madura 

 amounted to 1,206,633^; in 1841 to 2,466,9302.; aud in 1861 the 

 imports by the Dutch alone are officially stated to amount to 1,207,987(. 

 in value. 



The total exports, which in 1831 amounted in value to l,325,179f., 

 were officially valued at 5,482,817<. in 1841 ; and in 1861 the Dutch 

 part alone of the export trade was estimated at 6,308,174^ Tho 

 trade of Java was, and most probably still is, hampered by restrictive 

 import and export duties; the revenue from theae souroea in 1840 

 amounted to 633,1782. 



The colonial revenue of Java ia involved in great obscurity. It is 

 said that but half the duties imposed on goods imported by British 

 and other foreign ships are paid by Dutch vessels, and that the sbii<s 

 of the Dutch East India Company (Maatechappy) pay no duty. The 

 chief source of the revenue is the land-tax. Among the Javanese 

 the proprietary right of the soil waa veated in the sovereign, to whom the 

 Dutch East India Company has succeeded. The land is lent or given 

 in trust, not alienated to tho subject One-half the produce of wet 

 lands and about one-third of the produce of dry lands, after deduct- 

 ing the cost of reaping, are the established shares of the government. 

 There is a direct tax on the fisheries. Extensive tracts of manh-land 

 along the sea-shore, and small inlets of the sea, are formed into 

 incloaares for breeding fish. The proprietary right in these preserves 

 is claimed by tho government, which derives a large revenue from 

 them. Revenue is alao raised on articlea of consumption, and the 



