﻿JEANiyAIfaBLT. ST. 



JBS8BT. 



• normal ichool, and S200 UhabiUnU, wbo manaftioturo oirpeta aud 

 eoUoo-atulb, aixl tnde in com and catUa ScMomdorf, on the Rem*, 

 a few milea b«low Qmiiiid, ii a walled to«ru with an old caatis and 

 3800 inhabitant*, who manufaetur* tobacco and carpeta. IfetiAcMi, a 

 anull plaoe of 1700 inhabitanta in the south-weat of the circle, hai 

 an important oom-market. 



The greater part of the poaieseioos of the princea of the houae of 

 Hohenlohe is nituated iu the centre and north of the circle of Jaxt. 



JKANITANQELY, ST. [CHARJSSTE-IsrfeBiEDRE.] 



JEAN-DU-OAKD. [Oabd.] 



JEDBURQH, Hoxburgh8hir«, a market-town, royal and parliament- 

 ary burgh, and the chief town of the county, ia situated in the 

 uniriah of Jedhuivh, in a narrow valley on the loft bank of the river 

 Jed, in 55° 28' N. Ut, 2° 86' W. long., diaUnt 51 milea aE. by 

 8. from Edinburgh by road. The population of the muiiicijial 

 buigh of Jcilburgb was 2948 in 1851, that of the parliameiitaiy 

 buigh was 3615. The burgh is governed by a provost and 14 couu- 

 cillora, and conjointly with Haddington, North Berwick, Dunbar, and 

 Lander, retuma one member to the Imperial Parliament 



Jedburgh parish waa celebrated in ancient times for its woodland 

 faatnsaiBs, ita castlea and fortified dwellings, and the magnificence of 

 ita Mdedastical eatablishmenta. On the south side of the present 

 town are the remains of Jedburgh Abbey, which appears to have 

 been founded early iu the 12th century. It sufferad much during the 

 wan with the English; was pillaged and burned by the Earl of 

 Surrey at the storming of Jedburgh in 1523, and again injured by 

 the Earl of Hertford (afterwards Duke of Somerset) in 1545. The 

 church alone remains : it is 230 feet long. The choir is much 

 dilapidated, and the south transept has disappeared ; but the nave, 

 north transept, and central tower, 100 feet high, are in good preserva- 

 tion. The western part of the nave has been fitted up, and is used 

 as the parish church. Some repairs have been recently made with a 

 view to preserve what remains of this interesting structure. On the 

 ■onth aide of the choir is a chapel, formerly used for the grammar- 

 ■chooL The United Presbyterians have three chapels, and the Free 

 Church, the Epiaoopaliana, and the Inde]>endents have each one ciMpel 

 in the town. The mechanics institution had 169 members iu 1831, 

 and 900 volumes in its library. There is also a saviug^ bank. 



Jedburgh is said to have been a royal burgh as early as the reign 

 of David I. The town consists chiefly of sevei-al streets converging 

 in the market-place, and of a small suburb on the right bank of the 

 river. Three bridges cross the Jed. The principal streets arc 

 tolerably wide ; the houaea have generally an air of antiquity. In 

 the outskirts are several pleasant villas and exleusive orchards. The 

 county -hall is near the market-place ; and at the southern end of the 

 town is the county prison, including a jail, bridewell, and debtors' 

 prison, with a house for the governor. 



The principal manufactures in Jedbnrgh are of blankets, flannels, 

 tartans, ahawls, shepherd's phudings, hosiery, lamb'swool yam, and 

 carpets : there are an iron and a brass foundry, and a factory for 

 patent printiug-pressea. Quarries of red and white sandstone nre 

 worked m the parish ; and there are several corn-mills. The markets 

 are on Tuesday and Saturday ; the Tuesday market is a well-attended 

 corn-market. There is a monthly cattle-market; four horse and 

 cattle (airs are held in the year. 



Jedburgh ia the aeat of the circuit Court of Justiciary, and of 

 Justice of Peace, Sheriff, and Small Debt courta. Near the town is 

 the castle of Femiehurat, formerly the seat of the Kerr family, the 

 ancestors of the Marquis of Lothian. 



JEDDO, or YEDDO. [Japam.J 



JEGUN. rOElia.] 



JELLALABAD, Afghanistan, is situated in 34° 26' N. lat, 70° 36' 

 E. long., in the valley of the Cabul Kiver, on its right or southern 

 bank, at a nearly equal distance from Cabul and Peshawur. Though 

 the river begins to be navigated by rafts at tlua place, Jellalabad 

 does not appear to be a commercial town. The ordinary population 

 is between 2000 and 3000, but this is much increased in the winter 

 season. The houses are low, and the streets narrow. The town was 

 occupied by the British during the Afghan war, 1839-1842. Qenenl 

 Sale held it under great diaadvanta^ against Akbar Khan, who 

 besieged the place wiui a large force in January 1842. At the con- 

 clusion of the war the Bntish forces under General Pollock left 

 Jellalabad in October 1842, first destroying its mud walls, and the 

 fortifications which had been erected for its defence. 



JEMMAPtX [Haikault.] 



JENA, a town in the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, is situated in 

 a romantic valley, partly surrounded by steep naked mountains, at 

 the conflux o( the Leutra with the Saale, over which there is a stone 

 bridae of nine archea, in 50° 56' N. lat, 11° 37' K. long. It consists 

 of tae town, through which the Leutra flows, and several well-built 

 suborba. The town is also well built on a regular plan, and sur- 

 rounded by ramparta. Jena is celebrated for its university, which 

 waa founded in 1668, and has faculties of Protestant theology, law, 

 medicine, and philosophy, taught by 61 nrafessors and teachers : the 

 number of students in 1850 was 421. The university has a library 

 containing 100,000 volumea; and there are iu connection with it a 

 botanic garden, a veterinary school, a achool of midwifery, an anatomi- 

 cal theatre, a clinical institution, a collection of physical and mathe- 



matical inatrumenta, a cabinet of minerals, an observatory, &a The 

 principal edifices in Jena, beaidea the university buildings, are a ducal 

 palace, a Roman Catholic church, three Lutheran churches, three hoa- 

 pitals, and a lunatic a-iylum. 7'be population numbera about 6500. 

 The industrial products comprise coane linen, hats, tobacco-pipes, 

 &C. The town is the seat of a court of appeal for the Saxon duchies, 

 Jena has given name to the dinsirous battle fought in its vicinity on 

 the 14 th of October, 1806, between the Prussian army under the 

 Duke of Brunswick, and the French under Napoleon. The Pruaaiana 

 were totally defeated, and the duke mortally wounded. This victory 

 effected the complete subjugation and hunubatioa of Prussia, 



JKNESEI. [SIBKBIA.J 



JKNM!A/..\R. [HosxiA.] 



JEN1SE1.sk. [Siberia.] 



JERES (XERES) DE LOS CABALLEROS. [Erbejuocra.] 



JERICHO. [Stbia.] 



JERU. [Badakhshak.] 



JERSEY, an inland in the English Channel, about 18 miles S.E. 

 from Ouemsey ; between 49° 9' and 49* 16' N. Ut., 1° 58' and 2° W 

 Vf. long. Its form approximates to a quadrangle, having ita side* 

 facing the cardinal poiuto. Its greatest length from east to west ia 

 about 1 2 miles ; its greatest breadth from north to south about 7 milea. 

 The area of the island is about 40,000 acres. Its population in 1831 

 was 36,582 ; in 1841 it was 47,544 ; in 1851 it was 57,020. 



The surface of the island has a gradual slope from north to south. 

 On the north side the coast is abrupt, rising to the height sometimre 

 of 200 feet, broken by a succession of small bays aud coves. On the 

 north side of the island is a very picturesque bay called Boulay, 

 where, some years since, the States of the island of Jersey erected • 

 pier on a limited scale. At St Catherine's Bay, on the east aide of 

 the island, a harbour of refuge, commenced in 1847, is in process of 

 construction. The works are extensive, including two piers and a 

 breakwater. On the west side is the wide shallow bay of St Ouen, 

 with a shelving sandy beach, skirted in nearly all its extent by ledges 

 of rocks. On the south side of the inland the character of the coast 

 is less uniform : at the bottom of the deep bays of St Aubin and 

 St Brelade it is low and shelving, with a brood belt of sand nearly a 

 mile wide iu St Aubiu's Bay, aud dry at low water. St Helier Bay, 

 on which stand the towns of St Helier and St Aubin, is the moat 

 frequented ; but most of the bays afford anchorage. Groups of rocks 

 surround the island at various distances from it 



The surface of the islaud is everywhere undulating. The valleys 

 generally run from north to south ; they are narrow at the north 

 end, where the high ground forms an almost unbroken hill, and grow 

 wider as they approach the southern coast, where they expand into 

 several flats of good pasture land. At the base of the cliffs arc 

 numerous caverns, hollowed out by the beating of the sea and the 

 rapid flow of the tide; they run a considerable depth into the rocks. 

 The principal water courses flow from north to south. The valleya 

 watered by these streams are often very lovely. 



The high laud in the northern {>art of the island consists for the 

 most gmrt of granite rocks ; the southern part of a mass of schistose 

 rocks incumbent upon them. The rocks along the northern coast 

 consist fur the most part of sienite ; they present perpendicular faces 

 to the sea, and are frequently intersected by perpendicular veins 

 running north aud south. The sieuite ia quarried on the northern 

 const : part is uke<l on the island, port is exported to Guernsey and 

 England, and also to France. Roads which are wide, and well 

 constructed, traverse the island iu all directions. The largo hedges 

 and deep fences formerly so common ore fast disappearing, and giving 

 place to neatly dreased banks and low walla. 



The climate of Jersey, from its insular situation, is milder than 

 that of other places under the same latitude, and the mean annual 

 temperature is higher than that of any part of England. The tempe- 

 rature varies from 76° to 24°, mean temperature 52°5°. Snow and con- 

 tinued frost are rare, but there is a good deal of rain, and the dews 

 are very heavy. High winds are prevalent and violent ; gales 

 frequently blow, especially from the west The predominant diseases 

 oro rheumatism, chiefly chronic, indigestion, dropsy, and remittent 

 and intenuittent fever'. 



The state of agriculture in Jersey has greatly improved, and is now 

 good, though the miuute subdivision of property, arising from the 

 custom of gavelkind, has somewhat retarded its advancement Wheat 

 is the principal grain crop ; barley is grown, and some oats ; parsnips 

 are extensively grown, and used fur fattening hogs and bullocks. 

 Potatoes for exportation are widely cultivated. Lucerne is one of 

 the moat valued crops. A considerable portion of the laud is laid out 

 in orohards : cider constituting the most important produce of the 

 islaud. The principal manure is vraic, or aea-weed, either fresh or 

 after it ban been bui-nt for fuel Followa are seldom seen. The 

 wheat harvest commences about the beginning of Auguat The 

 common English fruits are raised in Jersey, and the melon and the 

 grape grow in the open air. The fine Charmontel pears grow to 

 great |>erfection iu Jersey; they ripen late iu the autumn, keep well 

 alt the winter, and are remarkably sweet, aud of delicate flavour ; they 

 weigh from half a pound to one pound aud a quarter. Great benefit 

 haabeen conferred on the ialand by the Horticultm-al and Agricultural 

 Society, wliich was established in 1886. 



