﻿JEBSBT, HEW. 



JERUSiO^H. 



the ChaoiMl ItUaii may b« eonaidarad aa beloDgiag to Jonajr. Tha 

 number and toonaea ot Teiiali antarad aa balooging to tha Chaaari 

 Iilanda on DeoemlMr Slat, 18S3, wera aa foUowa : — Sailing- r aai o la 

 nnder SO tona, 807, toanaga 6445 ; abore 50 torn, 888, tonnaga 4S,74S : 

 with 1 ataam-Taaaal of SI tons, and 4 of 871 tona aggregate burden. 

 The number and toanoge of Taaaah entered and elearod during 1363 

 in the colonial and foreign trade, were : — Suling-veaaaU, inwarda 

 12$5, tonnage 68,993 ; outwarda 1365, tonnage 6S,03I : ateam-veaaela, 

 inwarda 83, tonnage 9045 : outwarda 108, tonnage 10,705. 



The general hiatorr of the Channel lalanda baa been noticed else- 

 where. [OcutasiT.I Jeraey waa the C«aarea of the Romans. In 

 the reign of Edward lIL thia ialand waa unauoeeaafolly attacked by 

 Du Oueadin, oonatabia of France. In the war of the Roaea it waa 

 attacked by a Norman baron, Pierre de Breie, who, after holding part 

 of the ialand for a time, was forced to surrender. Hrnry VII., while 

 Earl of Kicbmon'l and an exile; and Charles IL, while an exile, both 

 before and aftvr his father's death, found rofui;e in Jenwy, which was 

 held for Charles by Sir Oeotge Carteret, until taken by the Parlia- 

 mentarians under Admiral Blake and General Haines. Daring the 

 first American war, Jersey was thrice attained. The third attack was 

 in December, 1780, when the Baron de Rulleoonrt landed with 700 

 men, took poaseasion of St Helier, made the lieut^aant-goremor, 

 Major Corbet, priaoner, and induced him to ngn a capitulation. The 

 British troops and ialand militia, nnder Major Pierson, next in command, 

 refused to recognise the capitulation ; and attadcing the French, 

 killed RuUecourt, with the greater part of his men, and obliged the 

 teat to Burrender. Major Pienon fell in the beginning of the attack. 



The island poaseasea a well organiaed and well drilled body of 

 militia, divided into six regiments, for the defence of the LiUnd. They 

 are called the North, East, North- West, South- West, St Helier, and 

 St Laurens battaliuua. Each uf these battalions haa from four to 

 eight companiea, with competent officers ; they are clothed at the 

 expeuae of the crown, but receive no pay. Field batteries are attached 

 to each regiment All peraons, between the ages of 16 and 60, are 

 liable to aenre in the Jersey militia, but those who do not wish to 

 •ervo are excused on payment of one pound annually, which is appro- 

 priated to the maintenance of the horaea used in the batteries. 

 • (Comnttmieation from Jettey ; Parliamentary Papen.) 



JERSEY, NEW. [New/ebset.] 



JERUSALEM, the ancient capital of the Holy Land, the centre of 

 the ancieut Jewish religion and polity, is situated in 31° 46' 48" N. lat, 

 85" 13' E. long., at an elevation of 2000 feet above the level of the 

 Mediterranean, 29 miles E. from the nearest point of the shore of that 

 aea, and 21 miles W. from the mouth of the Jordan in the Dead Sea. 

 It is identii-al with Salem, the city of Melchizedek, which appears in 

 the latter half of the name ; the first half is most probably a corrup- 

 tion of Jebiu, a name which the city, or part of it, bore for nearly five 

 centuries after the entrance of the Israelites into the Promised Land. 

 As the city stood at the junction of the torntories of the Amorites, 

 the Jebnsitee, and the Hittites, it is highly probable (and the Egyptian 

 monuments strougly confirm thia auppoaition) that it was inhabited 

 in pre-Israelitiah times by all three in common, the ascendancy resting 

 in the Amorites and the Jebusitea snocessively. It is supposed also that 

 there were originally two towns or sbvngholds corresponding to the 

 upper and lower cities of after times, the upper city being identical 

 with the Canaanitish Jehus, the stronghold of the Jebusites, who 

 obtained the ascendancy on the extinction of the power of the 

 Amorites in the person of Adonisedek. According to Joaephus 

 (Antiq. v.) the laraelitea occupied the lower city for a time, but were 

 expelled by the garrison of the upper city, which was held uninter- 

 ruptedly by the Jebusitea from about B.C. 1585 to B.C. 1049. About 

 thia latter dato David drove the Jebusites from their stronghold, 

 inclosed the upper and lower towns within one wall, and made the 

 city thus forme<l the capital of his kingdom. The name Jebutalem 

 thus naturally originating would be changed for the aake of euphony 

 into Jerusalem ; or it might be that the change was made in order to 

 avoid a name of evil omen (which all ancient nations seem to have 

 dreaded), Jeboaalem in Hebrew meaning a ' trampling down of peace,' 

 wbereaa Jemsalam signifies the ' abode of peace.' It ia no objection 

 to the derivation just given that the name Jerusalem occurs in the 

 Scripture narrative before the time of David : it is not the only name 

 that ia used in the Old Testament by anticipation. The Rabbis, who 

 •re followed by Lightfoot and others, derive the first part of the name 

 from Jirth in Jehovah-jireh, the title given by Abraham to Mount 

 Moriah (Oea. xxii.). 



From the name and office of Melchi-zedek ('righteous king') and 

 Adoni-ndek (' righteous lord') the city seenn to have been in 

 Caaaaoitiah times a religious as well aa a political centre. The most 

 ■aoioit name of the city, disoovered on the Egyptian monumenta of 

 Balboa and Seaoatria favour thia view. These monuments (as explained 

 <■ Mr. Oab nm'a ' Egypt, her Teatimony to the Truth') represent in 

 maetmitm tke siafs of a oity, then a fortress of the Amoritea, by 

 8^M IL ; a Jofait embaaay of Jebusites and Hittites to Seaostria 

 eotieating that king for aid against the Ammonites then Uying aiege 

 to the city ; the advance of the Egyptian army, and a great battle on 

 a hilt to the aoath of the city. From the pictorial representation of the 

 aito of the city showing iU surrounding valleys and its river (Kedron) 

 running into the north part of the Dead Sea, there can be no question 



that the city thus indicated oooupiad the aito of Jeruaalem. The 

 name of the city ia written in hieroglypha on one of tha towara, and 

 whan translated into Coptic gives UAadaik, in Hebrew Kadaah or 

 K a d mk 'the Holy.' The Syrian dty of iTat^ytts in Paleatine, daaoribed 

 by Herodotoa (iii. 6) as not much amallar than Sardis, and whiah ha 

 states (iL 159) was taken by Phamoh-Neoho after hia victory at 

 Magdolum (an evident corruption of Megiddo), can be no other than 

 Kadaah Thia ancient name aurvived in the Syrian Kadatka, and atill 

 aurvivaa in the Arabic Sl-KkmU or Kl-Kodt, all aignifying the Holy 

 (city), showing the wonderfUl tenacity with which theae ancient rsow 

 adhere to native names. 



The Oreek form of Jeruaalsm waa Niero-tolyma, the first half of 

 which means ' holy ' but this is probably a mere accident, as iu sound 

 it ia aa near as possible an exact equivalent of the first half of the 

 Hebrew name. The name 5ion aometimes given to the oity ia merely 

 an extension of a part to the whole. The name ^Slia Capitolinm 

 given to it after it was rebuilt ja>d colonised by Hadrian never took 

 hold on the native population, and waa probably used only on coins 

 and in state papers. Anian^ the native races the city is now known 

 only by the designation El-Kods. 



'The aite of Jerusalem is an elevated piece of ground within a basin 

 of inclosing hilla. The aeparation between this spot and the outward 

 borders of iU inclosure is well mariced by revinea and valleys, 

 except towards the north. The inclosed platform extends about 1800 

 yards from north to south, and (in the widest part) 1100 yards from 

 east to west : it haa a general alope from west to east, ao that the 

 town ia fully displayed, like a panorama, to those who view it from 

 the east The surface is uneven. The south-western part of the site 

 is occupied by Mount Sion, on which stood the stronghold of tha 

 Jebusitea. To the north-east of this, but separated fh>m it by a 

 ravine or valley called by Joaephus Tyropoieon (or Cbeese-makera), is 

 Mount Acra, the site of the Lower City, or Salem ; and east of thia 

 lies Mount Moriah, the site of the Temple, from which a spur called 

 Ophel, or Ophla, extends to the southern wall, between the Tyro- 

 poieon and the Valley of Jehoshaphat The Valley of Tyropoieon, 

 though dititinctly traceable, is now shallow, having Leeu neiu'ly filled 

 up in the long course of ages. In the north and north-west of the 

 city waa the hill Besetha, or New City, which waa built upon as the 

 population of the city increased, and was included iu the wall of 

 Agrippa ; but a very small portion of it is included in the modern 

 city, and it rises high above the deep external ravine which it over- 

 looks. The other eminences of the platform, such aa Mount Moriah 

 (on which the Temple stood), and Mount Acra, are now scarotly 

 distinguishable as elevations, from the filling up of the interjacent 

 valleys. Except at Mount Sion the general level of tha site is below 

 that of the immediately surrounding country. 



On the west and south of the site is the Valley of Hinnom ; on the 

 east the Valley of Jehoshaphat The Valley of Hinuom originates 

 in a depression containing an ancieut pool, almut 500 yards westward 

 of the north-western angle of the modem wall ; it thence runa south 

 and east along the western and southern sides of Mount Sion, to the 

 east of which the Tyropoieon opens into it About 800 yards from 

 the upper pool is another and a larger pond called the Lower Pool ; 

 and to' the south of the valley, neariy oppoaite Mount Sion, ia a high 

 rocky hill called the Hill of Evil Coun(ul, firom the tradition that 

 Annas, father-in-law to Caiaphaa the high-priest, had a residence upon 

 it (St John, xviil. 18, 14, 24.) A little below some ruins on the hill 

 ia the Potters' Field, the white clay of which ia still woriced. 



On the north-west side of the city is a broad swell of laud extending 

 in a north-east direction for about 1500 yards, between the upper 

 pool of the Valley of Hinnom and the Tombs of the Kings, which 

 are situated at the head of the Valley of Jehoshaphat This valley 

 then commences at the extreme north of the Wall of Agrippa, more 

 than 800 yards beyond the precincU of the modem city, and runs first 

 to the east, and then turning abruptly south it skirto the eastern wall 

 and meeto the Valley of Hinuom at the south-eastern angle of Uie 

 city. From this junction a valley runa south-eastward to the Dead 

 Sea. In ancient times the brook Kedron flowed through the Valley 

 of Jehoahaphat In thia valley are many ancient tombs, among 

 which may be meutioned those of Jehoshaphat, Absalom, and 

 Zechariah. About the middle of ite length, on the eastern side of th) 

 city, is the Qarden of Oethsemane, with ito venerable olive-trees ; and 

 near it is a aubterninean church, which contains the reputed Tomb of 

 the Virgin. Nearly opposite the Tomb of the Virgin, within the 

 city, and about 800 yards from the north-eastern angle of the city 

 wall, is the Pool of Bethesda. Lower down the valley is the Fountain 

 of the Virgin ; and a little to the west is the Pool of Siloam, near 

 the junction of the Tyropoieon with the Valley of Hinnom. On the 

 top of Mount Sion, ahout mid-way between tho Pool of Siloam and 

 the lower pool of the Valley of Hinnom (which is now called Birkvt- 

 ea-Sulton), ia a maas of building supposed to be the tombs of David 

 and the suooeeding kings of Ju(£dL The Pool of Siloam is now filled 

 up and cultivated as a garden ; a small tank however still fixea the 

 site. On the eastern aide of the Valley of Jehoshaphat is a group of 

 hilla called the Mount of Olivm, on the highest point of which is 

 built the churoh of the Ascension. On an eminenoe a little farther 

 south are the tombs of the Prophets. South from Mount Olivet, 

 and to the east of the junction of the throe valleys, is the Mount of 



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