﻿sa 



JESSSULMBBB. 



jOLICH-OLEVB-BBKa. 



In 1076 the KbaUf of Egypt loat Jerusalam, which tbsu fell to th« 

 Turk*, and the horrible orudtiee pisotued br thate new coaquerora 

 upon the Cbri<tUiu of the Holy Land, deMsribed in a letter to Pope 

 Urban II. by Simeon, patriarch of Jeraaalem.and more fully dwelt upon 

 in the fiery hai«nguaa of Peter the Hermit, bimeelf the bearer of the 

 letter and an eye-witaeaa of the (ufferiogi of the Christiana, led to 

 the fint Cnuade^ in wbioh the flower of the chivalry of Europe took 

 nm* to rMone the Holy Plaoaa firmn tiie hand* of the Infidels. An 

 immanae boat) 700,000 atroog, beaded by Qoderroi de Bouillon, laid 

 aiege to NioM, May 14, 1097 : that city aurrendMred on the 20th of 

 June following. On awept the host, conquering, but diminiahing in 

 numbera. June 3, 109S, Antioch fell by aaaault, and after having 

 taken and garriaoned the principal towna of the ooait and the interior, 

 the aioge of Jerunalem waa opened June 7, 1009, with an effective 

 force of only 21,000 infantry and 1500 cavalry; and at the end of 

 thirty-nine daya, on Wedneadsy the 15th of July, at three o'clock in 

 the afternoon, they forced their way into the city, maaaacred the 

 garriaon and the inhabitanta without dLitiuction, and then — blood- 

 Rtainad. barefooted, abedding teara, and singing by mna — they prostrated 

 themaeWea before the Holy Sepulchre, the object of their long laboura 

 •nd perilai Contrary to the advice of the bishops a king was chosen, 

 •Dd Jenualem became the capital of a Christian kingdom. 



We can here merely give the names and dates of the aevera] kings. 

 Oodefroi de Bouillon, elected July 23, 1099; died July 18, 1100. 

 Daudouin L, brother of Oodefroi, reigned till April 1118. Baudouin IL, 

 a relation of the former king, and eldeat son of Hugues, count of 

 Bethel, was crowned on Easter Sunday, 1118; died August 21, 1131. 

 He was anooeeded by his aon-in-law, Foulqu«s, count of Anjou, who 

 waa crowned on the Hth of September 1131, and died in 1144. 

 Baudouin III., son of Foulquee, was crowned with his mother, Melia- 

 sendn, on Chriatmas-day 1144, when he wat only 13 years of age. He 

 rebuilt and fortified Gaza, and took the city of Ascalon. Dying 

 v/ithout iuue, February 10, 1162, he was succeeded by his brother, 

 Amauri I., who reigned till July 11, 1173. Baudouin IV., the 

 Leper, aon of Amauri, died March 16, 1186. Baudouin V., son of 

 William of Hontferrat and Sibylla, sister of Baudouin IV., succeeded 

 Ilia uncle at the age of five years, under the regency of the Count of 

 Tripoli, and died at St. Jean d' Acre within a year. Qui de Luaignau, 

 second husband of Sibylla, the mother of the late king, was crowned 

 king of Jerusalem in the middle of September 1186. In this reign 

 the arms of Saladin prevailed against the Christians, who were 

 defeated in a terrible battle, which lasted three days, near Tiberias, in 

 1187. Qui himself was taken prisoner, and Jerusalem again opened 

 its gates to a Moslem conqueror, after fourteen days' siege, October 

 2, 1187. Antioch, Tyre, and Tripoli were the only considerable places 

 laft in the hands of the Christians, and the kingdom of Jerusalem 

 may be aaid to have terminated ; for notirithatanding the brilliant 

 oxploita of the third Crusade under Philippe Auguste and the English 

 Cocur de Lion, the kings afterwards appointed — Conrad, 1192 ; Henri, 

 1192 (both appointed by CoBur de Lion) ; Amauri II., 1197 ; John de 

 lirienne, 1210 — enjoyed a barren title, and reigned at St Jean d'Acre. 

 John de Brienne went to France for aid against the Musaulmana in 1 223, 

 niid whilst there married hia daughter to the emperor Frederick II., 

 who in consequence assumed the title of King of Jerusalem, and 

 by treaty with Heledin, the sultan of Egypt, made his entry into the 

 capital March 17,1 229, but he returned to Europe in May following, 

 leaving Richard Felingher governor of the country, which soon fell 

 into a state of anarchy. In 1239 Raoul, a brother of the count of 

 Boiaaona, who had marri^xl Alice, widow of Hugh, king of Cyprus, 

 claimed the kingdom in right of his wife, who was grand-da\igbter 

 of Amauri I., but disgusted with the reception he met with from the 

 Christian chiefs be left Palestine and hia wife and returned to France. 

 Jenualem waa then besieged by Nodgemeddin, the sultan of Damaaoua, 

 and taken in a few daya. In 1241 however, Saleh-Iamail, sultan of 

 Damaaoua, gave up to the Christiana Ascalon, which he had just taken 

 from the Knigbta Hospitallers, Jerusalem, and some other strung 

 placea, in order to bare them for alliea in a war which he meditated 

 againat the aultan of EgypL The Chorasmian Turks, driven from 

 tue country by the Tartars, swept over I'aleatine in 1244, and in 

 October of that year took Jenualem, whare they exeroiaed the greateat 

 orueltiea. Since then no Christian prince haa poaaeased the city of 

 Jenualem. 



JJoaephua ; Tacitua, Jliit. T. ; Eusebius ; Procopius ; Aristeas ; 

 lulta, Jaiualtm ; Uobinson, Biblical Heuarcliet ; Osbum, Etfypl, 

 her TeUimimil to the Truth ; Bartlett, Walkt abovt Jenualem ; Lynch, 

 KrptdUioii to the Rixtr Jordan ; Williams, I/olji City ; De Sauloy, 

 Yt/fogi en Smit ; Chrittian liemembnmcer, toI. xviii. ; Dictionary of 

 Ondt aitd fUman Otograpky ; L Art dc Vfrijler let Data, Tola. iv. 

 and V. ; Chateaubriand, TravtU.) 

 JE.SSULMBEK. [HiHDOaTAV.] 

 JETHOU. [OunxMT.] 



JHANSL [BCKOBLODRD.] 



JIDDA. [Arabi*.] 



JIHUN, HIVEK. [Akatolia; BaOakusuax; Khita.1 



JOACUIM.STHAL. fhxJKii.] 



JOA'NNINA, or JA'NINA, a city of Albania, Mtuated in a valluy 

 in the heart of that province, on the south-weatcra bank of a lake, from 

 which a anbterraneoua stream flowa into the Kalamd (the Tbyamia of 



the ancient Oreeka), in 39° 47' N. Ut, 20' 53' E. long. : iU population 

 is variously estimated, but parhapa doea not exceed 12,000, although 

 aome atate it at 30,000. lu aite ia about 1000 feet above the level of 

 theaea. 



The origin and early hiatory of thia town are very obscure. In the 

 later period of the Byxantine empire it gradually rose to be the chief 

 city of Qreeoe west of Mount Pindua. It is probably not vary tu 

 from the aite of the ancient Dodona. In the 7th and following cento- 

 riea to the 11th, the country around became a field of contention 

 between the Byzantine Qreeka and the Wallacbians and Slavonians, 

 large coloniea of whom aettled in the district; but Janina seems to 

 have continued in the hands of the Qreeks till the year 1082, when it 

 waa taken by the Normans under Bohemond (son of Robert Quisoard), 

 who defeated the emperor Alexius Comnenus under the walls of the 

 town. In 1432 it fell into the hands of the Turks. An uuaucoeaaful 

 attempt made by the Albanian Qreeka in 1611, to shake off the 

 Turkish yoke, led to their expulsion from the old or fortified part of 

 the town, and to the extension of the city along the shores of the lake 

 on each side of the fortress. Janina was the capital of the famous 

 Ali Pasha, under whom it contained 40,000 inhabitanta, including 

 the garrison, 16 mosques, 8 Oreek chnrohea, the seraglio and palace* 

 of the paaha, the furtreas mentioned above, and two others named 

 Coulia and Litharitzs. When Ali found himself no longer able to 

 defend bis capital against the Turks, he ordered it to be set on fire. 

 So great waa the destruction that followed, that the city has still a 

 deserted and ruined appearance. The house situated on the small 

 island opposite to the peninsula on which the fortress stands, still 

 be.ira marks of the violence used in the murder of All. A British 

 Consular agent resides in Janin.-u The plain round Janina, which 

 formed the territory of Doduna, yields fruit and grain of most kinds 

 in abuiulauce. 



The jMkt of Janina is in its greatest length 12 or 14 miles measured 

 from north-west to south-east; the greatest breadth is about 5 mUea, 

 the least about half a mile to a mile. It is botmded on the north-east 

 by the Mitzik^li Mountains (a branch of Pindus), which rise with 

 very steep ascent to the height of 2500 feet above the lake ; on the 

 south-east by a rocky mountain of moderate height crowned with the 

 extensive ruins of an Epirote city, which Colonel Leake considers 

 to have been the ancient Dodona. On the south-west side of the 

 lake is the plain of Janina, and beyond that a range of low vine-covered 

 hills. Opposite the town of Janina is a small ialand on which is a 

 fishing village, containing in All's time about 200 houses : on thia 

 island were several convents, frequently used as state prisons ; Ali, 

 who had a house on it, kept a herd of red deer. The lake abounds 

 with fish ; among them are pike, perch, oarp, tench, and eels. Myriads 

 of wild-fowl breed in the covert of the lofty reejs which surround 

 the lake. 



The lake is very commonly represented as divided into two parts, 

 the north-western part being called the lake of Lapsista, the south- 

 eostorn that of Jauiuo. But the middle part is rather a marsh than a 

 lake, and is traversed by two long channels which connect the two 

 portious of the lake. The lake of Lapsista is much reduced in its 

 dimensions in summer, and maize is grown on the desiccated ground. 

 The waters of both lakes are absorbed by subterranean channels; 

 that which communicates with the river Kahund is in the Like of 

 Lapsista. 



JOHANNA. [AszuAH.] 



JOHANNISBEllO. [>rASSAU.] 



JOHN, ST. [Antioda; New Bbusswick ; NEwronsDLASD.J 



JOHN, ST., KIVEll. [Canada.] 



JOHNSTOWN. [Renkrewshibe.] 



JOLIBA. [QuoRKA.! 



JOLIET. [iLLixois.] 



JOPPA. [jAfFA.] 



JORDAN, RIVEll. [Stria.] 



JORULLO. [Mexico/] 



JOSfi, SAN. [Costa-Rica.] 



JOST VAN DYK. [ViBum Islands.] 



JOUDPOOR. [Hindustan.] 



JOUILLAC. [CoBBftzE.] 



JUAN DE ULLOA. [Mexico.] 



JUAN DEL RIO. [Me.\ico.] 



JUAN FERNANDEZ. [Ciiiu.] 



JUBBULPOOIl. [Hindustan.] 



JUD.*;a. [Palestine.] 



JULIAN ALPS. [Ah-s; Austria.] 



JL'LICH-CLEVE-BERO, a former sub-division of Rhenish Prusiia, 

 consisting of the three duchies of Jiilich, Clcves, and Berg, which 

 now form the governments of Coloonb, DOsbeldobf, and a part of 

 that of Aachen in the Rheiu-I'rovinE. Bebq and Cleves have been 

 already noticed in this work. The town of Jiilich, from which the 

 duchy of Jiilich or Jiiliers was named, stands on the Robr, about 

 26 inilea W. from Cologne, and haa 3800 iuhabitents, who manu- 

 facture aoap, leather, and rinegar. It ia fortified. Jiilich is the 

 ancient Juliacum which is mentioned in the 'Itinerary' of Antuuiuus. 

 After the withdrawal of the Romans from this part of the empire 

 the town gave title to imperial counts, one of whom, Qirard I., 

 assisted the emperor Henry the Fowler in. his war against the 



