﻿JUMETZ. 



JURA. 



346 



Huns in a.d. 933. The emperor Charles IV. in 1356 erected the 

 county into a duchy in favour of Girard's descendants. On the 

 extinction of this family in 1609, Maurice of Nassau seized the duchy, 

 which was taken from him by the Spaniards under the Count of Berg 

 in 1622. At the peace of the Pyrenees, the territory was made over to 

 the Palatine house of Neuburg, in which it remained till 1794, when 

 the French took possession of it, and incorporated it with the 

 department of Roijr. On the downfall of Napoleon I., the duchy 

 came into the possession of Prussia. 



JUMETZ. [Hakjault.! 



JUMILLAC-LE-GRAND. Pordoqne.] 



JUMNA. [Hindustan.] 



JURA, Argyleshire, Scotland, an island of the Hebrides, in the 

 district of Islay, is bounded E. by the Sound of Jura, and W. by that 

 of Islay. The popidation of the island in 1851 was 1064. Its greatest 

 length is 25 miles ; its greatest breadth is 8 miles. The island is a 

 continuous mountain range, elevated towards the south into five 

 distinct points, of which the three principal are called the Paps, and 

 rise to the height of 1083 feet. The proportion of cultivated land on 

 the island is about 7 parts in 100. Besides the great inbt of Loch 

 Tarbet, the coast-line is indented by several bays and harbours, the 

 chief of which are Small Isles Bay, and Lowlandman's Bay. On the 

 western shore are found large quantities of fine sand, which is used 

 in the manufacture of glass. Large flocks of sheep and goats are fed 

 upon the mountains. At the north end of tbe island, between Jura 

 and Scarba, is the strait of Coryvrechan, in which is the dangerous 

 whirlpool of that name. A pyramidal rock, rising to within 15 fathoms 

 of the surface of the water, checks the flow of the tide stream, and occa- 

 sions the violent eddy so fatal to inexperienced or incautious navigators. ' 



JURA, a department in the east of France, is bounded N. by the 

 departments of Haute-Saone and Doubs, K. by Switzerland, S. by the 

 department of Ain, and W. by those of Sa6ne-et-Loire and Cdte<l'Or. 

 ltd greatest length from north to south is 72 miles, its greatest 

 breadth at right angles to the length is about 40 miles. The depart- 

 ment lies between 46° 17' and 47° 20' N. lat., 5° 13' and 6° 9' E. long. 

 Its area is 1928 square miles. The population by the census of 1836 

 wa8315,855; in 1846 it amounted to 316,150; and in 1851 to 313,299, 

 which last gives 162°5 inhabitants to a square mile, being 120 below 

 the average to the square mile for the whole of France. Tbe depart- 

 ment was formed out of the old province Franche-Comti5, and is 

 named from the Jura Mountains which traverse it. 



Surface, Soil, and Produce. — The surface is diversified by mountains 

 and phitus. Two-thirds of its extent are covered with the Jura 

 Mountains, of which the highest summits in the department are 

 Reculet, La-D61e, and Mont-Poupet, which rise to the respective 

 heights of 5959, 5513, and 6000 feet above tbe sea. The surface 

 presents thronghout its whole length three very marked and distinct 

 diviaions : — I. The western part, which consists of a low plain about 

 7 miles wide ; 2, the first mountain elevation, which rising suddenly 

 from the plain forms a plateau ueaj-ly 10 miles wide; and 3, the high 

 mountain district to the east of the other two, consisting of lofty 

 summits and deep valleys, and extending in width as far as the other 

 two diviitions together. The soil of tbe plain, which consists of a 

 marly clay resting on alternate beds of earth and shingle, is very 

 productive in wheat, rye, maize, buckwheat, hemp, &c. On the 

 plateau the soil is calcareous and shallow ; it yieldjs barley, oats, 

 maize, nuts, &c. Among the mountains tbe soil is stony and thin, 

 only in some parts a little barley and oats are produced ; but there 

 is abundant pa^ure, on which, during summer, £rom June to October, 

 great numbers of cattle and horses are fed. 



Dairy Farming on the Mountain!. — During summer the ch&lets, 

 or solidly-constructed huts, on the heights, serve as habitations for 

 the herds, stores for the dairy produce, and as sheds for the cattle ; 

 in these the cows are milked, and butter and cheese made. There is 

 one herdsman for evenr 20 cows, and one cheesemaker for every 80. 

 The cows from the difierent communes pasture in separate inclosures, 

 each about 300 or 400 acres in extent, and surrounded by a wall of 

 dry stones; they come of their own accord to the ch&let to be 

 milked by the herdsman, and immediately after return to pasture, for 

 they never luir in the chMet. In these annual migrations of the 

 cattle, the milking of the cows and the making of the cheese and 

 butter are entirely managed by men. An account is kept of the 

 quantity of milk given by the cows of each owner, so &i io apportion 

 his just share of the butter and cheese made, or of their price when 

 sold. On the 9th of October (St. Denis's Day) the little establish- 

 ment* are all broken up, for then or soon after the rigours of a 

 boiat«rt>as winter set in ; tbe herdsmen tie their wardrobe, no great 

 biu:den, between the horns of the best cows, and the descent is com- 

 menced. But, as all the cattle do not come from the same village, 

 the herdsman follows only his own ; the others, led by some sage old 

 cow, direct their steps to their own village, where finally separating 

 each one repairs to tbe house of her own master. 



Tbe farm buildings in the mouut:iin districts are in general solidly 

 built of stone and lime, but only 7 feet high, and covered-in with 

 lengths of rough deals, which are kept from being blown away by 

 numerous stones laid on them. They include a dwelling-house, 

 stable, bam, and hay-loft, all under the same roof, and communi- 

 cating with each other. All the animals lair in the same stable. 



which extends quite across the building, and in which they are 

 arranged in two rows, head to head, and feed from a manger that 

 runs from one end of the apartment to the other. The cattle are 

 never littered ; but the floor is covered with loose planks, and over- 

 head there is a covering of the same ; otherwise the cattle could not 

 stand the cold of the winter, which generally lasts from six to eight 

 months. In that part of the structure appropriated to the family 

 the chief apartment is about 13 feet square ; in the centre stands a 

 stove, whence the smoke issues through a tube carried up a wide 

 chimney, which by means of a trap-door is kept closed on the windy 

 side, and serves for a window all the year, and during the deep snows 

 for a door also, the ascent being made by means of a short ladder. 

 Adjoining this apartment is a chamber containing beds for the father, 

 mother, and the daughters of the family ; the sons and men-servants, 

 if any, sleep iu the hay-loft. 



Hydrography and Communication. — The department is drained by 

 a great number of rivers, the principal of which are — the AiN : the 

 Doubs : the Oiguou, which bounds it on the north [Doobs] : and 

 the Loue, which enters it from the department of Doubs, and running 

 west enters the river Doubs, a few miles south of Dole. Of these 

 the Ain, the Loue, and the Doubs are navigable. Among the smaller 

 rivers the most importimt is the Bienne, which rises near the eastern 

 boundary, and passing Morez and St-Claude it then turns westward 

 and falls into the Ain on the left bank, just before that river touches 

 the southern boundary. A large quantity of squared timber and 

 deals is floated down the Bienne, the Ain, and some of the other 

 streams in rafts, to the timber wharfs of Lyon. The north of the 

 department is crossed by the Canal-du-Rhone-au-Khin. There are 

 numerous marshes and lakes in the department, which is traversed 

 by 6 imperial, 24 departmental, and by 30 parish roads. As yet (1854) 

 there is no railway in the department, but several have been projected, 

 among which are a line from Dijon through D61e to Salins ; another 

 from ChMon to Dole and Besanfon, with a branch from Dole south- 

 ward through Lons-le-Sauluier to Bourg in the department of Ain. 



Climate. — The climate difi'ers with the elevation of the surface ; it 

 is intensely cold iu the mountains, where the snow lies frequently 

 for six months ; in tbe plain, which is cold enough in winter owing 

 to the proximity of the snow in the highlands, the air is hot and 

 close in summer, but on the plateau it is pure and healthy during 

 that season. High winds are frequent at all seasons, and very 

 impetuous during winter on the mountains ; they are attended by 

 heavy rains in spring, and oftentimes in summer also. 



The department contains 1,234,091 acres. Of this area 452,493 

 acres are under cultivation ; 124,909 are natural grass land ; 51,961 

 are under vines; 359,2S9 are covered with woods and forests; and 

 195,242 acres consist of heaths and moors. The agricultural produce, 

 which has been specified before, is barely enough for the consumption. 

 Horned cattle are exceedingly numerous ; there are but few sheep ; 

 poultry, bees, game, and fish are abundant. Tbe produce of wine 

 amounts to 7,854,000 gallons annually, the best growths being those 

 of the districts about Arbois, Chateau-Chalon, and Lous-le-Saulnier. 

 The forests abound with pine and oak timber. 



Geology and Mineralogy. — The north-east of the department is 

 occupied by the supercretaceous formations ; the rest of the depart- 

 ment consists of the strata that lie between the chalk and the new 

 red-sandstone ; the chalk itself we believe nowhere ris-'S to the 

 surfaca The mineral treasures of the department are considerable. 

 Several iron-mines are worke& ; gold, copper, lead, and coal are 

 found ; the peat beds are dug for fuel ; marble, alabaster, and litho- 

 graphic stone are quarried. There are important salt-works at Salins 

 an I Montmorot. 



The manufacture of iron and iron wares, cari'ied on in numerous 

 smelting furnaces, forges, and foundries, is the most important object 

 of industrial activity, 'fhe other manufactures are paper, watch 

 and clock works; turnery in wood, bone, ivory, and horn; coarse 

 woollens, linen, mineral acids, salt, casks, steel, scythes, nails of all 

 kinds, tiles, and leather. There are 032 wind- and water-mills (t'.e 

 latter including saw-mills), and 345 factories of different sorts, besides 

 the iron-works before mentioned ; about 90 fairs ore held in the year. 



The department is divided into four arrondiasementa, which, with 

 their subdivisions and population, are as follows : — 



Arrondisscmcnts. 



Canlona. 



Commnncs. 



Population In 1851. 



1. Lons-lc-Sanlnier 



2. Poliuny . . . 



3. St.-Claude 



4. Dole . . 



11 

 7 

 5 

 9 



212 



152 



82 



138 



S8i 



108,214 

 78,21» 

 61,48(1 

 »S,350 



Total 



32 



318,1D9 



1. In the first arrondissement the chief town, Lom-le-Saulnier, 

 which is also the capital of the department, is situated at the foot of 

 high vine-clad hills that surround it on every side, except the west, 

 in 46° 40' 28" N. lat., 5° 33' 11" E. long., at a distance of 225 miloa S.E. 

 from Paris, 845 feet above the level of the sea, and has 8450 inhabit- 

 ants in the commune. It is a pretty, well-built town, an<l lighted 

 with gas; the principal street is lined with arcades; and there are 



