﻿819 



JUTLAND. 



KAFPA. 



860 



To account for these facts numerous speculations have been pro- 

 posed. De Luc imagined a projectile force to have displaced the 

 blocks when the Alps were raised ; Saussure, Escher, Von Buch, De 

 Beaumont, &c., speak of the effects of water thrown into violeut 

 agitation (as some think by the elevation of the mountains) ; Dolomieu 

 attributed the inequalities of surface, which render the physical 

 explanation of the phenomena by the ordinary agencies of nature 

 almost desperate, to operations subsequent to the scattering of the 

 blocks ; Venturi introduced the consideration of floating ice-rafts ; 

 the very feasible theory of Agassiz is that they were deposited by 

 glaciers ; while others have attempted to master the difficulty of the 

 problem by admitting great changes of level since the blocks were 

 moved from their native sites. 



JUTLAND, or JYLLAND, a large province of the kingdom of 

 Denmark. The name was formerly given to the whole of the peninsula, 

 which constitutes the continental portion of the kingdom, but at 

 present it is restricted to the northern half, which is sometimes called 

 North Jtitland, the duchy of Schleswig being considered as South 

 Jutland. It is bounded W. and N. by the German Ocean, E. by the 

 Cattegat and the Little Belt, and S. by Schleswig ; and lies between 

 65° 20' and 57° 42' N. lat., and 8° 6' and 10' 50' E. long. Its form as 

 far as 57° 12' is a pretty regular parallelogram lying nearly due 

 north and south ; the northern part is almost a rieht angled triangle. 

 The extreme length is about 170 miles ; the breadth of the parallelo- 

 gram varies from 70 to 85 miles, but in the centre it is 100 miles, the 

 district of Kalloe projecting towards the east. The area is 9696 

 aqnare miles ; the population was 604,525 in 1850. 



Few countries have such an extensive line of coast in proportion to 

 their area as the Danish peninsula, which, especially on the more 

 elevated east coast, is indented with numerous bays and inlets, and 

 no town is above 45 miles from the sea. The most considerable of 

 these inlets, the Liim-Fiord [Desmabk, vol ii. col. 710], extends acroes 

 and insulates the northern part of the peninsula. It is about 100 miles 

 long, and contains numerous islands, the largest of which, called 

 Mors, situated in the broad part, has an area of 136 square miles. 

 In 1825 the North Sea broke through the narrow strip of land which 

 separated it from the Liim-Fiord, and the breach has since been 

 gradually enlarged, but the openings are too shallow to admit vessels 

 of much draught. The apparent advantage of the extensive line of 

 ooaot poaseased by Jutland is much diminished by the shallowneas of 

 the sea, and the innumerable little islands, sandbanks, and shoals 

 which render access difficult. The north coast, besides an immense 

 range of sandbanks rising almost to the surface of the water, is rendered 

 dangerous to navigators by numerous currents and the shortness and 

 rapidity of the waves. The weat coast, facing the German Ocean for 

 above 200 miles, is bordered by a narrow steip of moving sand and a 

 diain of sandhills, within which there are many good pastures. The 

 southern part of the west coast is alluvial soil, extremely fertile, but 

 Bwampy and unhealthy, and requiring dykes to protect it from the 

 inroads of the German Ocean, which however sometimes breaks 

 through them, as happened in 16.34, when 15,000 pemons perished. 

 The raist coast is more elevated, rising in chalk-cliffs above the sea. 



and to the south of Aarhuus it presents a series of fertile and well- 

 cultivated eminences. [Belt.] 



The only elevations in Jutland are a range of low hills, seldom 

 rising above a few hundred feet : they are the prolongation of the 

 chain which runs through Mecklenburg and Holatein, and thence 

 extends through the whole peninsula, terminating at its extreme 

 northern point, the promontory of Skagen. Only the Himmelsberg 

 attains the height of 1200 feet; no others attain more than 700 feet. 

 The rivers are very small, and are all called 'aae;' the largest are — 

 the Scholmaae, Widaae, Bredeaae, Emd Ribsaae. 



The climate is comparatively temperate, but very variable, with 

 frequent fogs and rains. The winters are not very rigorous, but the 

 summers are often extremely hot. With respect to the soil, more 

 thau half is arable land, a quarter is heath, above 700 square miles 

 are meadows and marshes, about 300 square miles are forests, and 

 about 235 tracts of moving sand. The productions are corn (more 

 than sufficient for the inhabitants), hemp, flax, tobacco, and some 

 timber. In the 11th century the country was covered with vast 

 forests, and there are still considerable woods of oak, fir, beech, &o., 

 on the east coast, but on the west there are only willow, beech, and 

 alder. The horses are large, but fitter for draught than fflr riding. 

 The breed of black cattle is good, and numbers of them and of hogs 

 are exported to Holstein. There is abundance of game, and some 

 wild boars are still found in the forests. The lakes, gulfs, aud bays 

 etSiird an inexhaustible supply of fish. 



The peninsula is divided into four large districts called ' etifts,' in 

 this instance equivalent to diocese or bishopric. Aalborg in the 

 north ; Aarhuus iu the east ; Wiborg in the centre ; and Kibe in the 

 south and west. Aalborg, including the capital, Aalborg, the towns 

 of Uiorring, Thisted, and Nyekiobing, with the islands of Mors and 

 Leaade, and AAKBacs, with its capital, Aarhuus, and the town of 

 Handera, have been already described. Wiboiy has an area of about 

 1100 square miles, and about 95,000 inhabitants. Wiborg, the capital, 

 is situated on a small lake nearly in the centre of the peninsula, aud 

 has about 6500 inhabitants. It is 2^ miles in circuit, is surrounded 

 with ramparts, has six gates, and is pretty well built. There are a 

 cathedral and two other churohes, and a few mauufactories. The 

 bishopric of Kibe, or Ripen, the most extensive of the stifts, has nu 

 area of 3900 square miles, but is in proportion the least populuu?, 

 having only 170,000 inhabitants. Ribe, the capital and seat of the 

 bishop, is a small walled town with 3500 inhabitants. It is situated 

 on a little river called the Ribsaae, 2 miles from the German Ocean. 

 Only small vessels can come up to the town, which has some trade in 

 com, oxen, and horses. Besides the cathedral there are a church, and 

 the oldest Latin school in Denmark (founded in 1248), with a library. 

 Fredericia, the only fortress in Jutland, is in this diocese ; it is'situated 

 on the Little Belt, has 5000 inhabitants, a Calvinist, a Roman Catholic, 

 and two Lutheran churehes, a synagogue, a custom-house for ships 

 passing through the Little Bolt, and other public buildings, aud several 

 manufactories. 



JYNAGUR. [Hindustan.] 



JYPOOR. [Hindustan.] 



K 



KAADEN. [Eger.] 

 KABYLES. [Alokbie.] 

 KAFFA, Caffa, or I'eoduna, a fortified sea-port town of Russia, 

 is built on the south-eastern shores of the Crimea, in 45° 2' N. lat, 

 33° 20' E. long., on a wide open bay, which is more tban twenty miles 

 across. The town stands on the most western angle of this bay, and 

 its harbour is protected by a projecting cape. In ancient times the 

 town was called Theodosia, and was one of the towns of the Greek 

 kingdom of the Bosporus. According to the author of the ' Periplus 

 of the Euxine,' it was a Milesian colony. Its importance appears to 

 date from the time of Leucon, the contemporary of Demosthenes, 

 who maile it a port, and gave certain advantages to Athenian ships 

 which came there for the purpose of carrying grain back to Athens. 

 According to the author of the Periplus (who probably lived in the 

 2nd century of the Christian era), it was then called Ardauda in the 

 Alitb or Tauric dialect, which name signifies ' the seven gods." It 

 seems to have been a considerable place between the 12th and 14th 

 centuries, when it was in possession of the Genoese, who carried on 

 a considerable commerce with India through Persia from this town. 

 In 1474 it wns taken from the Genoese by the Turks, but still con- 

 tinued a considerable place, though its population had decreased from 

 80,000 to 20,000. The population now, exclusive of military, does 

 not exceed 8000. The wars which the Russians, in the Utter half of 

 the last century, carried on in these parts, ruined Kafik. The space 

 inclosed by the walls, which are strengthened by numerous towers, is 

 an oblong square more than a mile in perimeter. In 1806 Russia tried 

 to rfestore the prosperity of Kafia by declaring it a free harbour, and 

 by eatablishing a quarantine, an assurance company, a botanic garden, 

 a museum of antiquitiea (which are firequently found in the neigh- 



bourhood), a library, Ac. ; the effect of these effoiia was at fii-st con* 

 siderable. In 1817 the exports were valued at 4,000,000 rubles, but 

 in 1830 the exports did not exceed 1,148,288 rubles, nor the imports 

 890,910 rubles ; and now the exports hardly average 400,000 rubles. 

 Fishing is the principal occupation of the inhabitants. In its neigh- 

 bourhood are oyster beds. Caviar is made here, as well as a small 

 quantity of tobacco. Kaffa expoi-ta wool, skins and hides, fish, and a 

 great quantity of salt. 



(Pallas ; Lyall, Travel* in Stutia ; Demosthenes, Leptin., c 9 ; 

 Stralx), viL ; Steph. Byzant.) 



KAFFA, a country in eastern Africa south of Abyssinia, is said to 

 be of considerable extent. It contains several high mountains, which 

 are separated from one another by wide valleys. Numerous water- 

 courses drain the country, and all of them join the Goshop, or 

 Oojeb, a large river originating in several branches to the south and 

 west of Kaffa. On the north of Kaffa is Enarea, and on the west a 

 wilderness, in which numerous herds of large quadrupeds (elephants, 

 giraffes, 4c.,) are found. The country is fertile, and partly well 

 cultivated. Cotton is grown to a great extent. The coffee-tree is 

 there, as well as in the neighbouring country of Enarea, indigenous 

 and a forest-tree. It is not stated that coffee is an article of export, 

 but it is thought that the coffee called in these parts ' Gava ' has 

 ilerived its name from this country, as the Arabs assert that it has 

 been transplanted to Yemen from that part of Africa. 



The capital is Soonee, a town which, according to the accounts of 

 African travellers, has between UOOO and 7000 inhabitants. This place 

 and some others are visited by the merchants of Knurea, who exchange 

 their goods (rock-salt, copper, horses, cattle, and some India stuffs, 

 brought from Qoudar), for cotton, cotton-doth, which is made in the 



