﻿KANTURK. 



KARIA. 



SS8 



scattered farm-houses is the military station of Fort Leavenworth on 

 the MisAouri. 



The vaat tract known a3 Nebraska, including an area of upwards of 

 136,000 square miles, of which Kansas forms the southern part, was 

 a portion of the country purchased by the United States from the 

 French in 1803. It has been left till the last few years to the undis- 

 turbed occupation of the native Indians, but the constant stream of 

 western migration, which caused the growth of one and anotherterritory 

 and state on its eastern and southern borders, and still more perhaps 

 the flood of emigration wliich poured across it to Utah and California, 

 led to propositions which increased yearly in urgency for its organi- 

 sation aa a territory. The first bill for the organisation of the territory 

 of Nebraska was introduced into Congress iu 1845, but rejected. Sub- 

 sequent measures met with a similar fate. But in the session of 1834 

 a bill was introduced for forming out of this extensive tract two 

 territories, Nebraska in the north and Kansas in the south ; and aa 

 the form of the bill re-opened the question of the admission into the 

 Union of new slave states north of 86° 30' N. lat., which the measure 

 known as the Missouri Compromise was understood to have settled 

 should not be done, it was made the occasion of a most earnest 

 struggle between the supporters and opponents of slavery. Eventually 

 the bill was passed, empowering the orManisation of the territories, 

 but throwing open the occupation of the soil to all citizens of the 

 United States, and to all who shall make the usual declaration of 

 their desire to become citizens ; and providing that the inhabitants 

 of each territory bhall determine for themselves whether the institu- 

 tion of slavery shall exist among them. The consequence of this 

 provision is said to have been that a considerable number of the 

 more ardent slaveholders of the southern states at once prepared to 

 remove with their property into Kansas, with a view to obtain 

 possession of it in the interest of the south, as well as to avail them- 

 selves of its rich agricultural and other resources. But the movement 

 was immediately met by a counter-movement in the north. A 

 corijoration was at once organised, and received a charter from the 

 legislature of Massachusetts, having fur its primary object the colo- 

 nisation of Kansas by free labour. The Massachusetts Emigrant Aid 

 Company, as it calls itself, proposes, if sufficient funds can be raised, 

 to send 20,000 labourers into Kansas in the first year, and to establish 

 them on lands settled by itself ; and to assist it in so doing branch 

 companies have been formed in New York and elsewhere. The 

 matter is aaid to have been set about with so much energy, and to 

 wear so promising an aspect, that the southern slaveholders already 

 hesitate whether to venture into a country where they run lo great 

 a risk of losing their slaves by the passing of anti-slavery measure*. 

 The first party of the Massachusetts Emigration Company have 

 established themselves in a very promising locality, about 40 miles 

 up the river Kansas, which they have fixed on as the site of their 

 first city, Worcester. Other parties are (August, 1854) making ready 

 to follow them immediately. 



KANTUKK, county of Cork, Ireland, a market- and post-town, and 

 the seat of a PoorLaw Union, in the barony of Duhallow, is situated 

 in 62° 11' N. lat, 8° 62' W. long., 126 mUes aW. from Dublin, at 

 the ounfluence of the rivers Allua and Dallua, which after their 

 junction flow into the BUckwater, 3 miles south of the towu. The 

 population of the town of Kanturk in 1861 was 31 23, besides 3362 

 inmates of the workhouse. Kanturk Poor-Law Union, which is 

 divided into 33 electoral districts, contains an area of 186,523 acres, 

 and had in 1851 a population of 41,801. 



The town of Kanturk is neatly built. The chief industrial pro- 

 ducts are beer, flour, and serge : wool-combing is carried on. Six 

 yearly fairs are held. The Koman Catholic chapel, the bridewell, and 

 the workhouse, which occupies a site of six acres, are the chief 

 public structures. Near the town are the remains of Kanturk Castle, 

 which wfis built by the .MaoDouough SlacCarthy, prince of Duhallow, 

 in the rciga of Elizabeth. The building, which occupies the four 

 sides of a quailrangle, 120 feet long by 80 feet wide, is four stories 

 high : in lach of the angles is a square embattled tower, five stories 

 high. The estates of Kanturk were forfeited iu the rebellion of 1641, 

 and were coofi.-rred on Sir Philip Perceval, from whom they have 

 desoendeii to the earl of Egmont. 



KAIIABAUH. [Geoboia.] 



KAKAMAN, a town in Asia Minor, which gives name to a paahalic, 

 thoagb the pasha resides at Koniyeh, is situated 65 miles S.E. from 

 Koniyefa, in S3* 23' N. lat, 87° 8' E. long., and has about 2600 houses 

 and 15,000 inhabitants. As euch house is surrounded by a garden 

 ineloked by a wall, the town appears very extensive for its population. 

 Most of the hoiines are in a dilapidated condition. The bazaars are 

 ill sa]>plied. The Turkish castle consists of a square keep strengthened 

 by several round and square towers, and surrounded at a little 

 distance by an outer wall within which about a hundred small houses 

 ■le built In the wall are inserted stones with Arabic and Turkish 

 inscriptions, which probably were taken from other buildings. Among 

 •everal ruined mosques of Saracenic architecture is one of striking 

 ineefolness, with an entrance of marble adorned with arabesques. 

 The Armenians, who are pratty numeroos, have a large and handsome 

 ebnrch in Karamao. A little way Bortk sf Kaniman is Kara-Dagh, 

 an isoUt«d tractytio monotain steep, rocky and barren, rising to tjio 

 height of 6000 fset above the ira. To the south of it is the range of 



the Taurus. This town ia supposed to have given name to the 

 district of Asia Minor called Karauiania, or Caramania, which is marked 

 on some maps, but is wholly unknown to the Turks. Karaman was 

 the seat of a flourishing petty sovereignty in the 14th and 15th 

 centuries. It is identified with the ancit^nt Laranda. 



The name Karamania bos been sometimes given also to the Persian 

 province of Kerman. [PERSIA.] 



(Hamilton, Reaearcha in Asia Minor.) 



KARAMANIA. [Caramania.] 



KARASUBAZAR. [Crimea.] 



KARIA, or CARIA, a division of Asia Minor, which comprised the 

 south-western corner of that peninsula. It was bounded S. and W. 

 by the Mediterranean Sea, N. by the valley of the Ma3ander, and E. 

 by Phrygia and Lycia. Herodotus (i. 142) places Priene, which was 

 north of the Meander, in Caria, and it is most probable that Caria 

 comprised the lower valley of that river ; aud that the Messogis range, 

 now the Kustiineh-Dagh, which forms the watershed between the 

 Ma>ander and the Caystrus, was its northern limit. The natural limit 

 towards the east would be Mount Cadmus and ita great southern 

 offshoot, now the Bos-Dagh, which runs at a Uttle distance from the 

 right bank of the Calbis (Dolomon-Chai); but according to Strabo it 

 seems that Caria comprised a litrge portion of the basin of the 

 Calbis also, which lies east of this range, and extended to the 

 western base of Mount Doidala and to the mouth of the river 

 Glaucus, the towns of Dsedala, Araxa, and Calynda being included 

 iu Caria. 



With the exception of the valley of the Majander (Mendereh), and 

 a strip along the south coast, west of the Qulf of Glaucus (now Bay of 

 Maori), the sur&ce of Caria is extremely rugged aud mountaiuouB. 

 From the mass of Mount Cadmus (now the Baba-Dagh) ranges run west 

 and south, and cover with their ramifientions the greater part of the 

 surface. The Bos-Dagh, the southern range, runs parallel to the 

 Calbis (Dolomon-Cbai), and at a little distance from its west bank, 

 attaining in its highest point an elevation of 8000 feet above the sea. 

 Near 37° N. lat it divides into two branches, one of which, forming 

 the high land anciently called Lide, runs west and teruiiuates in the 

 peninsula of Halicamassus, between the Ceramic and lassie gulfs, 

 now respectively the gulfs of Kos or Budrun and Mandeliyeh. The 

 Gulf of lassus extended northward as far as the promontory of 

 Poseideion, now Cape Monodendri. The other branch range has a, 

 south-west direction, and terminates in the lofty Mount Phoenix, and 

 in the remarkable peninsula tbe Rhodisn Chersonese, which stretches 

 southward towards Rhodes and along the eastern side of the Gulf of 

 Syme. The Cnidian Chersonese, which screens the Bay of Syme or Doris 

 on the north, and terminates westward in the Triopiau promontory, 

 now Cape Krio. The Rhodian Chersonese temiinates iu two remark- 

 able promontories — the Kynosema, now Cape Aloiipo, opfMsite 

 Rhodes; and the Paridion promontory, opposite the island of Syme. 

 Between this Chersonese and the island of Syme hes tbe Gulf of Syme; 

 and the part of the same iulet north of the island is called the Bay 

 of Doris, which washes the Cniilian Chersonese on the south. Ou 

 the north-western side of the Rhodian Chersonese, forming a subor- 

 dinate part of the Gulf of Sjnne, were tbe bays of "rbymnias, 

 SchoenuB, aud Bubessius, or Bulmssus. This last bay was the most 

 north-eastern part or head of the gulf; it was named from a towu of 

 the same name ; aud ue."ir it, to the west, was the narrow isthmus 

 which connected the Cnidian Clier-'ouese tu the maiuland. The cu:i.st 

 along these bays is bold, the limestone rocks rising perpendicularly in 

 many places from the water, which is cleur, deep, and abounding with 

 s|mnges. Tbe shores are remarkably well wooded. Tbe Cuidian or 

 Triopian Chersonese, which divides the Ceramic and Dorian gulfs, 

 consists of two peninsular portions, the more western of which was 

 formeriy an island, and was connected by the Cuidians with the eastern 

 portion by means of a causeway. [C.viDUS.] Through the narrow 

 isthmus which connects this Cliemouese with the mainland the 

 Cuidians attempted to cut a canal in the time of Cyrus to protect 

 their city and Chersonese from the Persians. 



The high laud called Lyde extends to the valley of the Mseander. 

 Its northern slope is furrowed by several streams, the largest of which 

 are the Mosynus (Kira-su), the Harpasiis (Arpasu), and the Mariyas 

 (Tshina-su), which last ri»cs in a region called Idrias by Herodotus 

 (v. 118), and is skirted ou its western side by the range of Latmus. 

 Except the Calbis, which was also called Indus, uo stream of import- 

 ance flowed to the south coast. The Mseander, which carries ofi' tho 

 drainage of the greater part of Caria, flows in a west-by-south course, 

 and iu ancient times entered the sea to the north of the peuinsula of 

 Miletus by the harbour of Latmus, which ia now filled up by the 

 deposits of the river. 



On the south coast, east of the Rhodian Chersonese aud the lofty 

 Mount Phconix, was a land-locked bay, at the head of which stood 

 the town of Physcus. There was a road from Physcus to Ephesus, 

 Farther east was another small Chersonese, which sheltered the Bay 

 of I'anormus on the west ; and on the coast between this aud the Bay 

 of Olauctra or Macri, were the towus of Imbrus and Cauuus, and 

 the promontory of Artemisium. A few miles inland fi-om the hearl 

 of the Bay of Panormus and to the west of the Calbis is a large lake 

 six or eight miles across, and with a num)>er of small streams running 

 into it; a channel twelve miles iu length oouueota it with the sea. 



