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KARIA. 



KABIA. 



aao 



FalloWM mja iU waton an braokUh. All the aouthern coait of Cam 

 eaatward from Mount Phoooix, aod extending to the mountaiaa inUod 

 baloDgad to the Uhodiuia, and was ealled Penci. Thu distriot i« 

 mr beautiful, and cuntaina many fertile tract*. The irregular coaat 

 of Caria ia moat piotnreaque, indented by countleaa bays and inlets, 

 whose shores, generally bold and well-wuodod, are in parts direrai&ed 

 by extensive ancient ruins and bolted by numerous islands. 



Thouiih Caria ia extremely mouutainoiis it contains some extensivo 

 high pliina, and there ia a good deal of fortilo land in the valleys of the 

 Mssander and ita feeders. The mountains are in most parts well 

 elothed with timber ; fin, oaks, and plane-trees being the prevailing 

 ■peciea. lie chief products are wheat, figs, olivo-oil, fruits of all kinds, 

 •nd wine. The vine is trained to grow up tho liigbeet trees. The 

 wine of Cnidiis was celebrated in ancient times. The palm-tree and 

 the orange grow luxuriantly. Cattle are fed on the mountain pastures, 

 •od sheep are numerous ; the greeu slopes along the valley of the 

 Marsyaa are covered with flocks. The climnte, owing to difference of 

 level, varies greatly; in the lower grounds it is hot, while the highlands 

 ate oold, wintry, and snow-covered. At the source of the Mosynus 

 the winter lingers to March or April The limestone which every- 

 where abounds affords excellent material for building. Among other 

 mineral products Fellowes mentions iron-etone of great purity ns 

 abundant between Stratoniceia and Mylasa, mica-schist, marble, &c. 

 Warm springs abound, and there are gaseotis flames. 



The Carians maintained that they were an autocthonous people 

 deaoende<t from Car, the brother of Lydus and Mysus. According to 

 Cretan accounts they originally inhabited the .^gean islands, were 

 ■abject to ilinoe, whose sUps they manned, but they paid no tribute ; 

 and that driven from the islands by loniana and Dorians, they came 

 to the miunland where they displaced the Leleges and Pelasgi. Homer 

 mentions the Carians with the Lelegea, Caucones, and Pelasgi among 

 the auxiliaries of the Trojans; and they were probably all continental 

 people and related to each other. The Caunii, whose town Caunus 

 was on the south coast, spoke a language akin to that of the Carians. 

 Thucydides says that the early inhabitants of the ^gean islands were 

 Carians and Phoenicians, and that they were pirates. There seems 

 little doubt from Thucydides (i. 8.) that the Carians with some other 

 people occupied the island of Delos at some early period. 



In Homer's time the Carians occupied Miletus, the banks of the 

 Msander, and the heights of Mycile to the north of the river. The 

 Ionian emigration drove the Carians from Mycale near which Priene 

 waa built, from Myus, and from the city of Miletus. The Dorians 

 dispoeseised them of Halicamassus, Cnidus, the Triopian Chersonese, 

 and probably from the island of Kos. The south coast was probably 

 seized by the Rhodians about the same time. Thus the principal parts 

 of the sea coast were occupied by Qreek colonies, but not all, for in 

 the time of Xerxes the Canaua furnished 70 ships to the Persian fleet, 

 while the Dorian settlements supplied only 30 ships. North of the 

 Hteander and in the neighbourhood of the Qreek colonies there was 

 probably some intermixture between the Carians and their neighlKiurs; 

 but they maintained their language, and in the interior the population 

 waa pure Cariau. They lived in small towns or villages, and formed 

 a federation with common religious rites to Zeus Chrysaoreus. The 

 federation was called Chrysaoraum ; its place of meetmg for sacrifice 

 and deliberation was the spot where the Macedonians after the time of 

 Alexander founded Stratoniceia. 



Caria was included in the kingdom of Croesus, on whose defeat by 

 Cyrus it came imder the Persian dominion. In the Ionian revolt (B.C. 

 499-494) the Carians fought bravely side by aide with the Qreeks, but 

 were at last compelled to submit Under the protection of Persia, 

 Caria waa ruled by a dynasty of princes, whose capital was Halicar- 

 nassus. Artemisia, who accompanied Xerxes to the battle of Salamis 

 with five ships, was one of these petty sovereigna The Athenians after- 

 wards made the inhabitants of the coast tributai7, but the Carians of 

 the interior maintained their independence. In the time of Alexander 

 the Qreat there was a queen of Caria, named Ada. She surrendered 

 to Alexander the strong town of Aliiida, in conaideration for which 

 he reatored her to the royal authority of which she hod been deprived. 

 Caria afterwards became successively subject to the Greek kings of 

 Egypt and Syria. The Romans having defeated Antiochus (B.C. 190) 

 ■luLred Caria between Eumenes king of Persia and the Uho<lians, but 

 laA certain towns free. About B.C. 129 Caria was added to the Roman 

 praviiMM of Asia. 



The Carians were a warlike race, not addicted to commerce like the 

 Oraaka ; they hired themselves as mercenaries, and served under the 

 taagtot Egypt 



Among the towns of Caria were CsiDCa and Halicamaaaua, which 

 were memben of tho Dorian hcxapolis in Asia. Halicamauut, now 

 Boodroom, or Budrun, is particularly interesting as the birthplace 

 of Herodotua and Dionysius the historians. It was founded by a 

 oolony from Trooxene in Argolis, won tho largest and atrongaat city in 

 all Caria, aod became the seat of a Cnrian dynasty under the proteotion 

 of Poaia. One of its rulers, Artemisia, wife and aiater of Mansoloa, 

 erected in his honour the celebrated sepulchral monument called the 

 Mausoleum, of which there are still remains as well as of the ancient 

 walla. Some interesting sculptures, supposed to have formed part of the 

 deoontion of the Mausoleum, are now in the British Museum. Halioar- 

 uaroa continued to be a stronghold of Persia till the time of 



Alexander, who after a long siege burnt the city but was unable to 

 take the aoropolia Though afterwards rebuilt Halicamassus never 

 recovered from the blow. 



Among the other towns were Alahatuia, now supposed to be Anh- 

 Hiaa, on the Tahina, or Marsyaa, where are remains of a theatre and 

 other buildings ; it was noted for ita luxury : Oxftiua, higher up tho 

 Marsyaa, identified by Leake with the village of Tshina where Pooooke 

 foimd considerable remains : labranda, to tho south-west of Alabanda, 

 famous for its Carian temple to Zeus Stratios, to which the Cariana 

 wont in procession from Mylasa along the aacred rOad which connected 

 the two placea. The aite of Labtanda, is unknown ; lakli which 

 Fellowes erroneously takea for Labranda was Euromus, where are the 

 remains of a beautiful Corinthian temple, ifylata, in the interior 

 and to the north-east of Halicamassus, is now MMaua, which ia 

 built chiefly from the ruins of the old town. There are still many 

 beautiful remains of ancient architecture at Mellassa which waa 

 visited by Fellowes. East by south from Mylasa waa Stratonietia, 

 which was either founded or rebuilt on a spotodled Idrias by a Mace- 

 donian colony after the time of Alexander. Stratoniceia is identified 

 by Fellowes with Esky-Hlrsa, which stands in a delightful country. 

 There are remains of several temples, the marble walls of which are 

 covered with inscriptious. The ruins of the ancient town extend far 

 beyond the village of Ksky-Hirsa. 



Cavmui, the chief town of the Caunii, was a place of considerable 

 trade, on the south coast in the Rhodian Persea. It was the birth- 

 place of the painter Protogenes, and famoua for ita figs. It was for a 

 long time subject to the Rhodians. In the massacre of the Romans 

 in Asia in the time of Mithridates Eupator, the Caunii tliBtinguished 

 themselves by their ferocious cruelty to their victim!!. On a height 

 above Cauuus was the fortress Imbrut. Between Caunus and the 

 Oulf of Qlaucus was Calynda, which has not been identified, but is 

 supposed to be iu the basin of the Talaman, or Dolomon-Chai, the 

 Calbis of Strabo and the Indus of Livy. 



In the north-east of Caria, near the Phrygian frontier, was 

 ArUiochtia at the junction of the Mosynus with the Mteander; its 

 remains, which are described by Hamilton and Fellowes, consist of 

 the massive walls of the acropolis and an inner castle, some sub- 

 structures of buildings, a stadium, and a small theatre. Southward 

 from Antiocheia, on high ground to the ea.^t of the Mosynus, stood 

 the city of Apkrodimu, now Ghera, where are remains of a beautiful 

 Ionic temple of Aphrodite, from whom the town was named. There 

 was a city Plarasa, probably not far from Aphrodisias. FoUowea 

 ('Aaia Minor') says that Qhera is the representative of the ancient 

 Oanmra, which was east of Mount Cadmus, near the confines of Caria, 

 Lydia, and Phiygia. It was famous for ita hot springs on the banks 

 of the Mceander, by which its site has been identified. Hamilton 

 (' Researches ') conjectures that the town was named from its position 

 on the boundary of Caria towards Phrygia (Kapuy oiSpot.) 



North of the Marauder were Tripolia, near the point where the 

 river enters the plains (38^ 1' N. lat), where are remains of the city 

 walls, a theatre, and some other buildings ; Matlaura, west of TripoUs 

 and north-east of the modem Nazeli, and near the modern village of 

 Mastaura, has some ancient ruins, most of which are overgrown with 

 underwood, and a fine spring of cold water : TraiUt, situated on a 

 plateau of the Messogis above the modem Aidin (a town of about 

 6000 houses) ; the plateau is covered with ruins, among which the 

 Turks have quarried materials for the houses and walls of Aidin ; the 

 most remarkable ruin is that of n palatial structure, which is probably 

 not ancient : itagnaia farther west near the mouUi of the Lethicua 

 in the ilicander : and Priene, on a lofty rock near the modem town 

 of Samsun, where many ancient walls remain, and a theatre cut out 

 of the rocky hilL Several of these towns north of the Mieander are 

 usually given to Lydia, to which in later timea they seem to hare 

 belonged. 



Along the west coast beyond Halicamassus were Ifyndtu, once the 

 capital of Caria : Caryanda, a city which seems to have stood partly 

 on an island and partly on the mainland, the two parts being united 

 by a causeway (now a narrow sandy isthmus), alongside of which 

 waa the harbour which Leake takes to be that of Pasha-Limani : 

 Bargylia, on tho southem shore of the lassie Oulf, between Myndus 

 and lasus, celebrated for its statue of Artemis Cindyas, upon which, 

 though exposed to the open sky, neither rain nor snow (it was said) ever 

 fell /<Miw, or Jtunu, now AAtm, Aiyn KaUti, on a small ishmd at 

 the head of the laasio Oulf, was founded early by Argive colonists, 

 but received additional settlers m the Ionian emigration under Neleua ; 

 it became a wealthy place owiogto its fisheries ; part of tlio city walla 

 and a theatre out out in the side of a rock still remain. Branchidai waa 

 famous for ita oracle and temple of Apollo Didymcus, of which there 

 are still some remains ; the temple was robbed and bumt by the 

 Persians (ac. 494), but it was aderwards rebuilt A sacred way led 

 from the sea to tho temple bordered with monolithic statues seated on 

 chairs, the feet close together and the hands on the knees — an imita- 

 tion of the avenues of the temples of Egypt (Leake, ' Asia Minor.') 

 Branchidai stood near a harbour, called Panormus, on the south of 

 the Poseideion. MiUtni, one of the most ancient and flourishing 

 towns of Caria and famoua for its woollen manufactures and for the 

 numerous colonies founded by it on the Black Sea, was situated on 

 high ground on the south bank of the Mteander and near its uiouth 



