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KENT. 



KENTUCKY. 



S7a 



The earldoms of that day were not mere titles, but conveyed viceregal 

 power over the districts confided to the earL 



At the great battle of Hastings the men of Kent formed the van- 

 guard of the Anglo-Saxon army : it was their privilege to occupy that 

 post. A detachment of the Norman force having lauded at Romuey 

 just before the battle, were defeated by the townsmen, in revenge for 

 which William subsequently burned that town and massacred the 

 inhabitants. Having secured Dover Castle after a slight resistance, 

 hung the governor, and burnt the town, he marched towards London 

 by Watling-street ; and in his way conciliated the favour, or at lea*t 

 disarmed the resistance, of the men of Kent, by granting them the 

 continuance of their privileges. An unsuccessful attempt was subse- 

 quently made (1067) by the Kentish men, aided by the earl of Boulogne, 

 to surprise Dover Castle. In the reign of William Rufus, Odo, bishop 

 of Bayeux and earl of Kent, raised the county in favour of Robert 

 duke of Normandy. Rochester town and castle, which were held on 

 behalf of Odo, did not capitulate till after a siege of many weeks. 

 King John, when threatened with an invasion by Philip II. of France, 

 encamped with an army of 60,000 men on Barham Downs ; but his 

 courage failed him, and he made his memorable submission and 

 surrender of his crown to Pandulphus, the Pope's Legate, at Dover. 

 In the subsequent troubles (1215) John collected an army of mercen- 

 aries at Dover and marched inland ; but William de Albini bravely 

 defended Rochester Castle for three months against him. In 1216 

 Louis, dauphin of France, landed in the Isle of Thanet, near Sand- 

 wich, in aid of the barons, and took the castle of liochester ; but 

 after his retreat and the death of John, it again submitted to the 

 crowiL The rest of Kent submitted for a time to Louis, except 

 Dover Castle, which was defended for the king against the dauphin 

 and the barons by Hubert de Burgh. In the troubles of the succeeding 

 reign Rochester Castle was defended for the king against Simon de 

 Hontfort, who besieged it in vaiu. 



It was in Kent that the rebellion of Wat Tyler broke out. The 

 commons in this county and in Essex rose in a body in 1381. They 

 attacked the archbishop of Canterbury's house at Maidstone and 

 released John Balle, a priest, who had been imprisoned for teaching 

 doctrines like those of Wickliffe. The issue of the rebellion is well 

 known. In the reign of Uenty VI. the insurrection of Jack Cade 

 broke out in Kent a.d. 1150. At the outbreak of the war of the 

 Roses, 1451, Richard duke of York encamped near Dartford, where 

 he fortified himself The king, Henry VI., encamped on Blackheath. 

 There was another encampment on Blackheath in 1471. Sandwich 

 was the scene of several naval operations in 1460 and 1471. In the 

 ruign of Mary (1554) Sir Thomas Wyatt's rebellion broke out in Kent. 

 In the civil war of Charles I. and the Parliament a severe battle was 

 fought at Maidstone (1648), in which the Parliamentarians, under 

 Fairfax, obtained a complete victory. 



In the reign of Elizabeth the river Medway appears to have formed 

 the only harbour for the royal navy, then in its infancy. The dock at 

 Chatham was built by that queen; and she erected Upnor Castle, on 

 the opposite side of the Medway, to defend thj passage of the river. 

 In the reign of Charles II. (1667), a detachment from the Dutch fleet 

 ander De Ruyter sailed up the Medway aa &r as Upnor Castle. 

 [Chatham.] 



Of ancient castellated edifices we may here specify Leeds, Hever, 

 Chilham, Allington, Saltwood, and Westerhanger castles, with the castel- 

 lated mansions of Peosburst and Knole. Leeds Castle is to the right 

 of the road from Maidstone to Ashford, 4 or 5 miles from Maidstone. 

 It is surrounded by a broad moat : the entrance is by a stone bridge 

 of two pointed arches, and through a deep gateway in good preserva- 

 tion. Leeds Castle was the residence occasionally of Richard II. and 

 Henry IV. Hever Castle, on the Eden, one of the upper waters of 

 the Medway, was erected partly in the time of Edward III., and 

 jmnwsses some historical interest as the residence of the Boleyn 

 family. The castle is now used as a farm-house. Chilham Castle is 

 about midway between Canterbury and Ashford. After the Conquest 

 a Norman castle was built here, of which the keep is in good preser- 

 Tation. It Lb an irregular octagon of three stories, with walls 10 or 

 12 feet thick, built of flint, chalk, and stone intermingled, faceil with 

 squared stone, and now mantled with ivy. The remains of Allington 

 Castle, on the left bank of the Medway just below Maidstone, are 

 occupied as two tenements Allington was the seat of Sir Thomas 

 Wyatt, an accomplished scholar of the time of Henry VIII., and of 

 bis son Sir Thomas, who suffered for treason against Queen Mai-y. 

 Saltwood Castle is seated at the head of a narrow valley about a mile 

 {ron\ Hythe. It belonged to the archbishops of Canterbury till the 

 reign of Henry VIII., when Cranmer surrendered it to the king. The 

 outer gatehouse, erected by Archbishop Courtney in 1381, is in 

 tolerable preservation. Of Westerhanger, or Westonhanger, 24 miles 

 from Hytbe, the principal remains are the outer walls, with the 

 towers of the north and east sides, and a small chapel. Peushurst 

 Castle is a very extensive pile. It is one of those castellated dwellings 

 that immediately succeeded the baronial castles of a more troubl^ 

 period, and derives its chief interest from having been the residence 

 of the Sidney family. Knole, or Knowle, near Sevenoaks, the former 

 reaideiice of the Sackvillcs, dukes of Doi-set, but now of Earl Amherst, 

 is another extensive and magnificent mansion : the principal buildings, 

 like those of Pensbunt, form a spacious quadrangle, and are in tho 



castellated style. The greater part is of the 15th century, but some 

 portions of it are yet older. There are slight remains of castles at 

 Cowling, near the mouth of the Thames ; at Thurnham, on the brow of 

 the chalk hills near Maidstone ; and one or two other places. Sandown, 

 Saudgate, and Walmer castles, all on the coast, hold a middle place 

 between ancient and modern fortifications. They are coeval with Deal 

 Castle, and are of the time of Henry VIII. Of ancient mansions there 

 are several in the county. Tlie Mote House at Ightham, of the 14th 

 century, is the oldest. Charlton House, erected in 1607, is a charac- 

 teristic example of the architecture of its period. 



Of moniistic remains the principal are St. Augustine's Abbey 

 [Canterbury], Aylesford Priory [Aylbsford], and St. Radigund's 

 Abbey, near Dover, which was founded about 1191, for Premonstra- 

 tensian canons. The walls of the entrance gateway of St. Radigund's 

 Abbey ai-e nearly entire ; the north and west sides of the chapel, and 

 part of the dwelling, now patched up as a farm-house, are also 

 standing. There are considerable remains of the Benedictine priory 

 at Dover, including the gateway and refectory, both nearly entire. 

 The church of the Maison Dieu, founded at Dover by Hubert de 

 Burgh, has been purchased by the corporatioc and turned into a jail, 

 sessions-house, and town-hall. The abbeys of Faversham ami Malliug, 

 and the priories of Tuubridge and Folkestone, are noticed elsgwhere. 

 Of Boxley Abbey, near Maidstone, there are few remains; and tlij 

 abbey buildings at West Langdon, not far from Dover, have been new 

 fronted with brick and much altered. There are some remains of the 

 priories of Bilsington, on the edge of Romney Marsh, and of Monks 

 Horton, near Stone-street causeway, of which last the western entrance 

 to the church is a small but beautiful ruin of late Norman archi- 

 tecture, with insertions of windows and dooi-s of perpendicular 

 character. The chapel of St. Nicholas's Hospital, at Harbledown, 

 near Canterbuiy, is partly of Norman and partly of later architecture. 



Of the churches of the county the most worthy of note are its two 

 cathedrals, Canterbury and Rochester. For antiquity Barfrestou 

 church, between Canterbury and Dover, but not on the high road, is 

 most deserving of notice. It is of Norman date, and consists of a 

 nave and chancel, which communicate by an arch rising from wreathed 

 columns and richly sculptured. It was carefully restored a few years 

 back. The church of Daront, near Dartford, has a rude chancel of 

 Anglo-Saxon date. Several other churches, including St. Mary's at 

 Dover, and St. Margaret-at-ClilTe, ai-e chiefly valuable for their Norman 

 features ; but the predominant character in the churches of the county 

 is the early English, of which Stone church is a good specimen. 

 Chatham church is of the decorated style. Maidstone church is a 

 fine example of the perpendicular style ; it was com|)Ietely restored 

 two or three years back at a very great expense. Aylesford is also a 

 good perpendicular church. 



ReligiovLt Worship and Education. — According to the returns 

 published as the result of the Census of 1851 it appears that in 

 March of that year there were in the county 997 places of worship, 

 of which 479 belonged to the Church of England, 250 to six sections 

 of Methodists, 107 to four sections of Baptists, 86 to Iudei>endeuts, 

 13 to Roman Catholics, 10 to Quakers, 7 to Mormons, 5 to the 

 Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, 5 to Jews, 3 to the Presbyterian 

 Church in England, and 32 to various other bodies. The total amount 

 of sittings provided was 302,948. The number of Sunday schools 

 was 638, of which 301 belonged to the Established Church, 172 to six 

 sections of Methodists, 77 to Independents, 00 to Baptists, and 5 to the 

 Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion. The total number of scholars was 

 67,987, of whom 24,613 belonged to the Church of England schools. 

 The number of day schools was 1930, with 85,458 scholars, namely, 

 500 public schools with 53,631 scholars, and 1430 private schools with 

 81,827 scholars. There were 87 literary and scientific institutions, 

 with an aggregate membership of 5771, and libraries containing in all 

 40,513 volumes. 



Savings Banks. — In 1852 there were 22 savings banks in the county, 

 at Ashford, Bromley, Canterbury, Chatham, Dartford, Deal, Deptford, 

 Dover, Faversham, Gravcsend, Greenwich, Hawkhurst, Hythe, Maid- 

 stone, West Mailing, Margate, Ramsgate, Sevenoaks, Sheeruess, Ton- 

 bridge, Tonbridge Wells, and Woolwich. The total amount owing to 

 depositors on November 20th 1852 was l,008,386i. 9«. 



KENT ISLANDS. [Van Diemen's Land.] 



KENTBURY. [Berkshire.] 



KENTON. [Devonshire.] 



KENTUCKY, one of the United States of North America, extends 

 between 36° 30' and 39° 12' N. lat., and between 82° and 89° 40' 

 W. long. It is bounded E. by the state of Virginia ; S. by that of 

 Tennessee ; W. by the Mississippi River, which divides it from tho 

 state of Missouri ; and N.W. and N. by the Ohio River, which divides 

 it from the states of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Its greatest length 

 from east to west is 368 miles ; its greatest width from north to south 

 is 168 miles; but the outline of the state being extremely irregular 

 both length and width vary very much. The area is 37,080 square 

 miles, or about 6300 square miles lai-ger than that of Scotland. Tho 

 federal representative population in 1850 was 898,012, in which 

 number three-fifths of the slaves are included. This, according to tho 

 present ratio of representation, entitles the state to send 10 repre- 

 sentatives to Congress. To the Senate, like each of the other United 

 States, Kentucky sends two membci-s. 



