﻿RHOORD CABOL PASS. 



KIEW. 



Hiit a rf. — ^hjra probkbly waa a part of aneiaot BaotrU. In the 

 ■aeond eantoiy Mfora Chriat tfaa nomadio natioDa of Uppar Turkiatau 



began to dfscend into Turan, and took poaaeaaion of the oountriaa 

 north of the Ozua and aouth of the Sea of Aral They leem to have 

 Uid waata the ODuntr; and kept poaaeaaion of it dnriog mora than two 

 oenturiea. In the aeoond oentorjr after Chri«t howsTer they wera 

 ■objected to the away of the Chineae emperora, who at that period 

 axtroHed thrir doniimooa to the ahurea of the Caapian. In the third 

 eantury of our an it waa oonneoted with Peraia, and remained «o up 

 to the 10th century, when one of ita govemnra acquired indeprndenoe, 

 and eraoted the king<lom of Khariam, or Khowariam, which appeara 

 to have n-mainrd an independent atate until conquered by Qenghis 

 Khan (121 8^. The deeeepdanta of Qenghia Khan remained in poinanion 

 of the country, which continued to form an independent kingdom 

 under the name of KhowariKm up to 1379, when the town waa taken 

 by Timur, and the country annexed to hia poaaeaaiona. Khyva 

 remained a part of the kinxdum of Samarkand to the beginning of the 

 16th aentni7, when a Turkiah nation, Uie Uabecka, under the auapices 

 of Hhibfni Kiian, deaoende<l from Upper Turkistan, and by degrees 

 took poaaeaaion of the whole of Turun. Kbyva, as it appears, soon 

 became an independent atate umler an Usbeck prince, and has remained 

 ao up to this time. Ruaaia ban been frequently accused of attempting 

 to extend her frontier in the direction of Kbira. However this may 

 be, it baa been lately stated that, with the consent of the khan, she has 

 erected and manned some forts for the protection of her caravan trade 

 with Khiva against the attacks of the Khirgbiz and Turkoman hordes. 



(Murawiew, ReUe in Ckiva; Humboldt, 11 Azit CentraU ; Zimmer- 

 mann, Dtnlachrift Hhtr den unUrn Lauf da Oxut ; Abbot, Narrative 

 <ff a Journey from Heraut to Khiva, Ac) 



KHUOKD CABUL PASa [AruHiUiiBl^.] 



KHORASSAN. [Persia.] 



KHOTUN. [Bessarabia.] 



KHYRQAON. IHihodstak.] 



KHYKPOOR [HiNDUSTAN.f 



KIACHTA is a town in Siberia, in the government of Irkutsk, 

 S0° 20' N. lat., 121° 40' E. long., south of the Uke of Baikal, and in a 

 sterile country 2480 feet above the level of the sea, on a small stream 

 also called the Kiachta. A considerable tmde is carried on here, as 

 it is the only place in which the subjects of the empires of China and 

 of Ruaaia are permitted to exchange their merchandise. Kiachta 

 consists of two separate parts : the fortress, called Troitako Sawsk, 

 where the eiutom-house, the imperial offices, and the military govern- 

 ment are establiahed; and the lower town, or Kiachta, which is 

 nearly two miles farther south, and where the merchants live. Kiachta 

 haa one bridge, a square, one wooden church, two chapels, and tbircy- 

 ■even houaea, mostly belonging to merchants, elegantly built, and 

 kept in good order : the total number of inhabitants is about 5000. 

 Hercbanta from aeveral parts of Russia have settled in Kiachta. 



The commerce of this place is carried on with Maimaitchin, a 

 Chinese villsge and emporium, which is lees than a mile from the 

 lower town. Until 1727 it waa conducted by the Russian government, 

 •od waa inaignificant ; but in the last-mentioned year the trade waa 

 opened to private merchants, and haa since become of great import- 

 ance. A large fair is held between the two places in December. The 

 Ruaaiana bring to Kiachta furs, tanned hidea, broadcloth and other 

 coarse woollen fabrica, coarse linen, bullion, glass, looking-glanses, and. 

 cattle. They receive in return from the Chinese manufactured silks 

 and cottona, tobacco, china, rhubarb, furniture, and several kinds of 

 toys; but the principal commodity taken in exchange is tea. Coch- 

 rane estimated the quantity of tea imported in 1821 at three millions 

 of pounds weight; and at the great fair of Nijni Novgorod the 

 value of the tea which waa sold in 1823 amounted to twelve miUiona 

 of paper roublea. The tea brought to the fair of Nijni Novgorod 

 in 1838 waa 87,356 chests, valued at 17,399,500 roubles; to which 

 most be added 660,000 roublea for the value of 5000 chests of tea 

 p r a aisd into cakea. In 1843 the Rossiana imported through Kiachta 

 102,700 dieata of superfine tea. The value of woollen and cotton 

 gooda, leather, and fun, taken by the Chineae merchanta in that year 

 amounted to above 677,OOOt, sterling. 



(Pallas ; Klaproth ; Cochrane, Pedtttrian Journet/, kc. ; Erman, 

 AmmaUn der ErdiMktr ; Qficial SlaltmnU.) 



KIDDERMINSTER, Woroaatershire, a market-town, municipal and 

 parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor- Law Union, in the parish 

 of Kidderminster, is situated on the river Stour, near its confluence with 

 the Severn, in 62° 23' N. Ut., 2° 14' W. long., dUUnt 16 miles N. by W. 

 from Worcester, and 126 miles N.W. from London by road. It is 132 

 miles from London by nilway viA Birmingham, aud 135i miles vi& 

 Oxford and Worceater. The popuUtion M the borough of Kidder- 

 minster in 1851 was 18,462 ; that of the entire parish was 23,845. 

 The borough is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillurs, one of 

 vboin ia mayor, and returns one member to the Imperial Parliament, 

 The living! are in the archdeaconry and diocese of Woroester. 

 Kidderminster Poor-Law Union contains 13 pariahea and townships, 

 with an area of 88,041 aorea, and a population in 1851 of 82,984. 



Kiddenninater returned memben to Parliament aa early aa the 

 28th of Edward L, but owing to diaoaa the privilege waa afterwards 

 lost. By the Reform Act it waa again erected into a parliamentary 

 borougbu Theeaiiiaat charter of inoorpontionii that of 12 CharlaaL 



The town is well lighted, watched, and paved under the superin- 

 tendence of oommissionen appointed by a local act. The prosperity 

 of the town ia chiefly dependent on the carpet manufacture, for 

 whiuh Kidderminster is famed. A new factory for patent beaver 

 carpets has been establiahed ; and aome of the looms used for making 

 Brussela carpets have been applied to the manufacture of the patent 

 tapeatry oarpeta. The churoh is a handsome perpendicular structure 

 surmounted by a fine tower : the interior contains various ancient 

 monuments. Besides the parish church there were in Marah 1851 in 

 the borough 14 plaoea of worship, of which 4 belonged to the 

 Establishment, 3 to Wesleyan Methodiata, 2 to Primitive Mothodista, 

 and one each to Independents, Baptists, Lady Huntingdon's Connexion, 

 Roman Oitholics, and Unitarians. The number of Sunday achools in 

 the pariah waa 14, with 2475 scholars. The Free Orammar school 

 was founded prior to the charter of Charles I. The school is divided 

 into an upper and lower school, boys who wish to learn Latin being 

 raoeived into the upper school The annual income from endowment 

 ia about 680A, and there are reaidences for the bead and second 

 masteia. The number of scholan in 1852 was 60. Ulakebrook 

 Orammar school had 10 scholan in 1861. The number of day- 

 schools in the parish in 1851 was 39, namely, 16 public schools with 

 2088 scholars, and 23 private schools with 640 scholan The Kidder- 

 minster Athenasum bad 81 memben in 1861, and 400 volumes in its 

 library. The dispensary haa been converted into an iufirumry. There 

 is a savings bank. The marketday ia Thursday ; aix fain are held 

 in the course of the year. 



KIDWELLY. [CAEKUARTnEysHiRE.] 



KIEL, the capital of the duchy of Holstetn, is situated on the 

 Kielertiord, a bay of the Baltic, which forms an excellent harbour, 

 and admits large ahips of war to anchor near the town, in 64° 10' 

 N. lat, 10° 8' E. long, 05 miles by railway N. by E. from Altons, and 

 has 15,000 inhabitants including the suburbs. It is surrotmded with 

 walls, in which there are five gates ; and is pretty regularly built, 

 with straight well paved streets. The principal structures are the 

 palace of the Duke of Qlttoksborg; the church of St Nicholas, which 

 dates from the 13th century; the convent church; and the university 

 buildings. The university of Kiel was founded in 1665; it haa a 

 library of 80,000 volumes, and in connection with it are an observatory 

 and a botanic garden, a museum of natural history, and a collection 

 of northern antiquities. The palace garden, and the environs of the 

 city and the wooded shores of the beautiful bay, aflbrd a good 

 promenade. Kiel has manufactures of linen, hata, tobacco, sugar, 

 ironmongery, machinery, &c, and some business in ehip-building. 

 The trade in com, dried herrings, and sprats (which are celebrated) is 

 considerable. The commerce of the town haa much increased ainoe 

 the completion of the Kiel Canal [Holstkin], and still more since the 

 opening of the railway. The moat busy time of the year is at the 

 annual fair on the three days after Twelfth-day, which ia attended not 

 only by the fitrmera aud merchants, but by the nobility and gentry of 

 Sleswick and HoUtein. There is an eatablishment for aea-batliing. 

 Steamboats ply regularly between Kiel, Copenhagen, and other Baltic 

 ports. 



KIERTEMUNDE. [FiJirEif.] 



KIEW (written also kitff, Kiev, and Kiow), a government of Ruaaia 

 in Europe, lies between 48'' 30' and 51° 50' N. Ut., 28° 40' and 33° 26' 

 E. long. It has an area of 19,340 square miles. The population in 

 1846 was estimated at 1,605,800. It is bounded N. by the govern- 

 ment of Minsk, E. by the governments of TchemiKow and Poltava, 

 S. by Kbereon, and W. by Pudulia aud Volhynia. The surface of the 

 country is undulating ; the hills and high lauds, which fallow the 

 course of the riven, do not in any part attain a considerable elevation. 

 There are many pleasing rural views, but no grand or striking natural 

 acenery ; and in general there is the sameness that is usual in flat 

 countries. The Dnieper range of billa can only be considered as the 

 last ramification of the Carpathians, which it joins in Podolia : in the 

 circle of Tschigri a branch of it quits the river, and traverses the 

 whole southern part of the province in a north-western direction. 

 The land to the north of this branch has an extremely rich and fertile 

 soil On the south the soil ia poorer, more sandy, aud like a steppe ; 

 but still there are tracts of luxuriant corn-fields and good pastures. 

 The chief, aud in fact the only navigable, river is the Dnieper, which 

 however is a frontier river, forming the entire north-eastern boundary 

 between thia province and Tchemigow and Poltava for nearly 250 

 miles. It ia from 600 to 1200 feet wide, flows with rapidity, haa hard 

 muddy water, and here and there blocks of stone and eddiea. which 

 however do not obstruct the navigation. The chief riven that Sow 

 into it are the Pripetz, which comes from Minsk, and ia here joined 

 by the Ush or Usza from Volhynia ; the Terterew, from Volhynia, 

 which receivea several streams before it falls into the Dnieper ; the 

 Irpen; the Stugena; the Roas, which riaea in the west of the province, 

 dividea into two arms, and forms a large ialand ; and the Tiasmin, 

 which comes from Kherson. There are no lakes of any consequence 

 in the whole province : small lakes are numerous in the southern 

 part The climate ia extremely mild and dry, and adapted to all the 

 productions of the temperate lone, though no vines are cultivated. 

 The riven freeze in Deoember and thaw in February ; but in some 

 winten there is very little snow and ice : the north wind however ia 

 alwayi Mvarely felt, The heat in summer is often so great that the 



