﻿KIRKCUDBRIOHT. 



KLAGKNFURT. 



■oatli wind* prevKO, exoept in late winter and spring, whan cold eaat : 

 or Dottherly wind* are moat fraquenk ^ 



The preraUing toil is a thin brown earth rerting either upon a 

 gravel bottom, or upon a rook of a rutten slaty Bubstauer, which h | 

 raadily pulverised. It is but slightly retentive of moisture, and ito | 

 avenge depth does not exceed four inches. The chief object of oulti- 

 Tatiou is oate. The potato crops are considerable, and constitute a 

 principal article of export to EogUod. Till within the Inst thirty-five 

 nan green-erop hosbandry was little known in Kirkcudbright and 

 Wigtownshire. Now however the cultivation of turnips is universal. 

 Leaiws an generally from U to 19 years, with brenks in many of them 

 alike avaiha>le to Uudlord and tenant The peculiar breed of horses 

 which this and the adjoining county of Wigtown formerly possessed, 

 and which was known by the name of the Galloway breed, baa nearly 

 disappeared, its place having been supplied by horses of a larger size ' 

 and better adapted to draught The sheep upon the moors and high 

 groands are mostly of the black-faced breed, but those in the lower 

 districts are moetly Cheviots and Leiceatrrs. The attention of the 

 farmer is chiefly directed to the rearing of cattle for the Norfolk fairs, 

 where they are sold to graziers by whom they are fattened for the 

 London market The lands of this county, together with those of the 

 adjoining county of Wigtown, were inclosed in the early part of the 

 last century by stone walls, generally known as Qalloway dykes. Of 

 late yean the forms in Kirkcudbrightshire have been gradually 

 increas ed in sixe, so as to afford proper scope for rotation of crops, 

 now that cnmmer fallowing is rarely if ever practised. 



Divisiont, Toviu, <ic — The county is divided into 28 parishes. There 

 are two royal burghs — Kibkoddbbioht and New Qalloway. Kirkcud- 

 bright has been already descril>ed ; New Galloway with the market- 

 town of Castle Douglss we notice here. 



AVtc OaUoHmg, in the parish of Kells, is a royal and parliamentary 

 bnrgfa, 20 mih's N. from Kirkcudbright, and near Loch Ken : the 

 popiUation of the burgh in IS51 was 447. The town is governed by 

 a provost and 17 councillors, though its burgh revenues, it is said, 

 amonnt to only 16». annually. It was mB<le a royal burgh by 

 Charles I., and now unites with Stranraer, Wliithom, and Wigtown 

 in the return of one member to the Imperial Parliament In the 

 neighbourhood is a fine granite bridge over the river Ken. Kenmore 

 Castle stands near the town. 



VatlU Vouijltu is a market-town and a burgh of barony in the parish 

 of Kelton, about 9 miles from Kirkcudbright, on the rood to Dumfries : 

 population, 1992. It is governed by a pi-ovost, 2 bailies, and a town- 

 council of 7, elected by householders in the burgh. The town is 

 regularly built, clean, neat, and thriving. A weekly market is held, 

 and there are several aimual fairs. In the town are a savings l>ank, 

 a library, and several schools. The town-house, pariah church, and 

 chapels for the Fi-ee Church and the United Presbyterians, are the 

 public buildings. Castle Douglas has risen into importance within 

 the present century. A handsome granite bridge crosses the Dee near 

 the town. 



The following villages may be mentioned, with the population of 

 each in 1851 : — 



Crettown, a village and a burgh of barony, miles S.E. from Newton 

 Stewart, on the bay of Wigtown : population, 1303. There is here a 

 small carpet manufactory. The harbour at Creetown is frequented 

 by a few coasters. The burgh has a town-hall and lock-up bouse. 

 Gatehoute, or Gatehoute of Fleet, in the parish of Girthon, a populous 

 village and burgh of barony situated on the Water of Fleet : popula- 

 tion, 17S0. There is a small harbour. There are an Endowed 

 school and a savings bank. Cotton works were erected here in 1790. 

 Tanning and brewing ore carried on ; oysters are obtained in the river 

 Fleet, and the bay aiTnrds good fishing. Kirkpatrick, or Kirkpatrick- 

 Duriiam, about 16 miles N. by E. from Kirkcudbright ; population 

 of the parish, 1608. Besides the parish church, which was erectnl 

 in 1748, there is a Free Church. Three public schools are in the 

 pariah. A small fair is held annually in March. In Kirkpatrick 

 the last remaining members of the sect of Buchanites took up their 

 abode, enjoying a community of goods, and refraining from marriage. 

 The last memmn of the sect were chiefly distinguished from their 

 neighbonra by the simplicity of their demeanour. 



IlUtory, Anliquititt, tfec — Before its subjugation by Agricolo, 

 A.D. 85, this county was poaiesaed by the Selgova:, of whom and of 

 the races which preceded them numerous remains have been foimd 

 here ; and cairns, tumuli, circles of stones, &&, still exist in every 

 part of the county. Nor are the marks of the Soman occupation lees 

 rare. Arms, coins, and utensils of that people have been found in 

 various parts of the county. To the Romans are attributed the 

 original formation of many of the roads. This county was part of 

 the Baliol property, and part also of the extensive estates of the 

 Douglas. Of Tbreave Castle, Uio chief seat of the Douglas family, 

 considerable ruins still remain on the island in the river Dec, on which 

 it stands. It was for the siege of this fortress in 1465 that ' lions 

 Mag,' the great cannon in Edinburgh Castle was manufactured. 

 Edward I. bald Kirkcudbright fur soma time, and was followed here 

 by his court Wallace embarked for France from the port Henry VI. 

 took refuge and resided at Kirkcudbright with his queen, and the 

 Duke uf Albany landed hara in 1623. Queen Mary resided at Kirk- 

 cudbright for some daya before applying for refuge to Kllxabeth. A 



visit from James VI., a riot on the attempt to thrust on the town 

 an episeopalian curate in 1663, the pursuit and death of several of 

 the Scottish martyrs, a visit from the fleet of William III. on its way 

 to Ireland, and one from Paul Jones in 1708, when this American 

 admiral robbed the house of Lord Selkirk, complete the list of events 

 of any interest in which Kirkcudbright has participated. Desidea 

 Threava Castle, before referred to, should be mentioned the abbey of 

 Dundrennan, in Kerwiok parish, and the college of Lincliiden, in 

 Terregles parish, both of which are fine specimens of ancient code- 

 siasticid grandeur. There are also numerous nmains of fortalices, of 

 small eocleaiostical buildings, and other relics of the midille ages. 



Jtdigiout Worthip and Sducalion. — According to the Returns of 

 the Census of March 1851 it appears that there were then in the 

 stewartry 54 places of worship, of which 23 l>clonge<l to the I'jitab- 

 lished Church, 17 to the Free Church, 7 to the United Presbyterian 

 Church, 3 to Roman Catholics, and 2 to Reformed Presbyterians. The 

 total number of sittings provided was 23,980. The number of Sabbath 

 schools was 57, of which 30 beIonge<l to the Established Churob, 21 to 

 the Free Churob, and 4 to the United Presbyterinn Church. The 

 number of scholars was 8705. There were 107 day-schools, namely, 

 83 public schools with 5987 scholars, and 24 private schools with 5S2 

 scholars. Of evening schools for adtUbs there were 3, with 74 scholars. 



In 1852 there was one savings bank in the stewartry, at Castle 

 Douglas. The amount owing to depositora on November 20th 1852 

 was 3762/. Ot. 2d. 



KIRKHAM, Lancashire, a market-town iu the parish of Kirkham, 

 is situated in 53° 47' N. lat, 2° 62' W. long., distant 29 niUes S. by W. 

 from Lancaster, 226 miles N.W. by N. from London by road, and 219i 

 miles by the London and North-Western railway. The population of 

 the town of Kirkham in 1851 was 2777. The living is a vicarage in 

 the archdenconry of Lancaster and diocese of Manchester, 



Kirkham is situated on the left bank of a streamlet which flows into 

 the ODstuary of the Ribble. The cotton manufacture, flax-spiuuiug, 

 and the manufacture of sail-cloth and sacking are the chief sources of 

 employment The parish chureh was rebuilt iu 1822, except the 

 Norman tower, which still remains. The Independents, Wesleyan 

 Methodists, and Roman Catholics have places of worship. The Free 

 Grauiiuar school, founded in 1U58, has an endowment of 340/. a year, 

 and had 85 scholars in 1851. There are also a BlueCuat school for 

 girls, National and Infant schools, a Roman Catholic Charity school, and 

 a savings bank. A county court is held. Many Roman remains have 

 been found in the neighbourhood. The market was granted to the 

 town by Henry II. Kirkham had a charter of incorporation from 

 Queen Elizabeth, but the borough docs not appear ever to have sent 

 members to Parliament 



KIKKINTILLOCH. [Dumbartonshire.] 



KIUKMICHAEL. tPERTiisniBE.] 



KlUKOSWALD. [Cujibebi.ano.J 



KIRKPATRICK [KiRKcnDBBioirp.] 



KIRKSTALL. [Yorkshire] 



KIRKWALL. [OuKNKY Islands.] 



KIUHIEMUIR. [Forfarshire.] 



KIRTON. [LiNCOLSSBIBR.] 



KISCHENEFF, or KICHENEV, a town in European Russia, 

 capital of the government of Bessarabia, is situated on the Byk, or 

 Bouk, a feeder of the Dniester, 40 miles N.W. from Bender and Tinispoi, 

 on the latter river, 70 miles E. from Jessy. It was a small place with 

 narrow dirty streets darkened by the projecting roofs of the houses, 

 and a population of about 4000 when it came into the possession of 

 Russia iu 1812. Since tlicn the town has been enlarged ao as to cover 

 three adjacent hills, and it now contains 15 churohes, a synagogue, a 

 Greek theological seminary, a gymnasium, several schools, and a public 

 library. In 1838 the population had reached 18,000. The town is 

 adorned with handsome marble fountains, and has a fine public 

 garden. The inhabitants, who consist of Russians, Cossaks, Poles, Jews, 

 Germans, Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, and gipsies, carry on a consi- 

 derable trade in corn, cattle, sheep, flax, hemp, tobacco, fruit, wine, 

 &c The principal industrial products ore brandy, leather, soap, 

 candles, some woollen stulTs, &c. 



KISHENGHUR. [Hinuistan.] 



KISTNA, RIVER [Hindustan.] 



KITT'S, ST. [Christoi'iieh's, St.] 



KlZlIv-lRMAK. [Anatoua.] 



KLAGENFURT(Zelany), the capitol of the crownland of Carinthia, 

 in Austria, is situated on the river Olan, a small fi'eder of the Drave, 

 in an extensive plain between the Noric and the Carnic Alps, at an 

 elevation of 1654 feet above the sea, in 46' 12' 0" N. lat, 14° 1' 26" 

 E. long., 146 miles in a straight line S.W. from Vienna, and has 

 about 1 5,000 inhabitants including the suburbs. It is the residonco 

 of the bishop of Ourk, and the seat of a court of appeal. The town 

 was the property of the crown till 1518, when the emperor Maxi- 

 milian I. gave it to the states of Carinlhia for the purpose of erecting 

 a fortress for the defence of the country. Soon afterwanis the canal 

 from the lake Worth, 3 miles west from the town, was opened at the 

 expense of the citizens, and the fortifications extended as the town 

 was enlarged — especially after the great conflagrations in 1585, 1723, 

 and 1796, to which the town is imlebtod for it« present fine and 

 regular appearance. The rampoi-ts, gates, and ditches wer levelled 



