﻿€tt 



KONTOSBERO. 



KORDOFAN. 



the town then are wrerml breweries, dietillariei, «Mp factories, oil and 

 ■aw-mUla, ship-bufldiDg yards, woollen faotoriea, fto. The popiilntiim 

 ii aboat 10,000. Oo the north-east side of the entrance of the harbour 

 {■ a Ugfathonae, 12S feet high, in 65° 43' 7* N. lat, 21' 6' V R long. 

 A gi'eat part of the town was deatroye<l by &re October 4, \%6i. 



Tlattnburg, on the Quber, a feeder of the AUe, about 60 miles 

 8.E. from Konigsborg, has about 6000 iuhabitaote, and a gymnasium, 

 with 11 profrasoTS and about 190 pupils. 



Bramubav, a busy commercial town on the Passarge, and near the 

 entrance of that river into the FVisches-Haff, haa a population of 8500, 

 who manufacture cloth, lenther, and yam, and export com and timber. 

 Branniiberg ia occasionally the residence of the Catholic bishop of 

 Ermelnnd, and haa a Catholio theological college, and a Catholic 

 gymnasium, with IS professors and 822 pupils (in 1860). A railway 

 passing through Braunaberg connects Konigsbtrg with Danzig. 



KONIQSBERO, tho capital of the province of East Prussia, is 

 situated in 54° 42' 12' N. lat., 20° 29' 15" E. long., ou the navigable 

 river Pregel, which falls into the Frischea-Haflf about four miles below 

 the citT, 340 miles in a straight line K.El from Berlin, but 420 miles 

 by railway through Stettin, Woldenberg, and Brombcrg; and has 

 a popolation of 75,234. "The river, running from east to west, 

 approaches the city in two arms, which unite and form an island. 

 Kiinigsberg is built on both fidea of the river, and on this island. 

 It consists of three parte, called tho Old Town, Lobrnicht, and the 

 Kneipbof, besides the royal palace and the citadel Fnedericksberg, and 

 four large suburbs and ten smaller ones called Liberties. The Old 

 Town and Lobenicht, both of which are on the north side of the 

 river, are built on seven hills, and the Kneiphof on the island, the 

 soil of which is (wampy, and the houses are erected on piles. 



Kuuigsberg originated in a wooden fort erected by the Teutonic 

 Knights in 1255 on the eminence, near the Pregel, where the palace 

 now stands. In 1257 another fort was built of stone, surrounded with 

 double walU, nine towers, and a moat. The infant town was plundered 

 and b<imed in 1264, and the inhabitants who escaped death or slavery 

 settled in the valley between the palace and the river. This was the 

 origin of the present Old Town. In 1300 the Ldbenicht, till then a 

 Tillage, obtained the privilege of a town, and in 1327 the Kneipl;of 

 Was foundecL Thus Konigsbcrg consisted originally of three towns, 

 each of which had its own magistrates ami jurisdiction. The suburbs 

 were gradually added, and the city became one of the most important 

 commercial places of the north. In 1365 it joined the Hanseatic 

 Lciigue, and in 1457, when Marienbeig was betrayed to the Poles, 

 Konigsberg was chosen for the residence of the grand master of the 

 Teutonic order, and so remained till Prussia was transformed into a 

 duchy in 1628, some time previous to which the Keformation had 

 made great progress in that province. In 1657 Pi-usaia was ce<led by 

 the peaoe of Wehlau to the elector of Brandenburg, who built the 

 citadel to overawe the citiMni!. In 1701 Frederick 111. was crowned 

 here as the first king of Pmssia. In the Seven Years' War Konigs- 

 berg was occupied from 1758 to 1764 by the Russians, who governed 

 the country in the name of the empress Elizabeth; and it again 

 ■uflered severely from the exactions of the French, who occupied it 

 in 1807, after the diastrons battle of Friedland. 



The want of regularity in plan, and the mean appearance of the 

 streets, which are generally narrow and often crooked, make an 

 unfavourable impression on a stranger: the few handsome public and 

 private edifices are scattered over the whole city. There are seven 

 wooden bridges over the PregeL The castle, or royal palace, has 

 been gradually enlarged and beautified till it has obtained its present 

 form. The most interesting parts of it are the church, the Muscovite 

 hall (274 feet long and 59 feet wide without pillars), and the tower 

 (240 feet high, 278 feet above tho Pregel), from the top of which 

 there is a fine prospect of the city and environs. The most remark- 

 able building ia the cathedral of St. Nicholas, founded in 1332, and 

 containing a fine organ with 5000 pipes, many excellent paintings, and 

 monuments of the grand masters of the Teutonic Knights and of the 

 dukes of Prussia. The Albrecht University, founded by Albrccht first 

 duke of Prussia in 1644, has 49 professors and lecturers, and 334 

 students. It haa four faculties — Protestant theology, law, medicine, 

 •ad philosophy. Connected with the university are a library of 45,000 

 Tolumes, a botanio garden, and an astronomical observatory. There are 

 likewise three gymnasia — one in the Fredericksbcrg, with 16 professors 

 and 218 pupils in 1850; one in the Altstadt, with 18 professors and 

 WJ pupils ; and one in the Kneiphof, with 14 professors and 272 

 pupila. There are also very numerous schools, many charitable 

 institutions, an exchange, a town-hall, and a theatre. Konigsberg haa 

 many manufactories of woollens, linen, silk, leather, tobacco, soap, and 

 •agar; it has celebrated breweries and spirit distilleries, ship-building 

 jarda^ snd an extensive trade in com, Ac. Its geographical position 

 baa long made it an important place of trade. Only vessels of light 

 draft can come up to the town ; Urge vessels discharge and load by 

 lighten at Pillau, at the mouth of the Frisches-Hai^ in the Oulf of 

 Dainig. During 1849 622 vessels entered Konigsberg and Pillau, 219 

 of wluoh were in ballast; the rest brought wine, fruits, coal, salt, 

 sugar, herrings, firh, train-oil, iron, fta The departures were 666 

 Tssss l s laden with grain, oil-cake, rape- and flax-seed, flax, timber, kc 

 Beer, hemp, tallow and wax, bristles and quills, are likewise exported. 

 KONIUSBKUO. [BaAXOurBDiia] 



KONIOOSHI. [Ar-KPTiAif IsLAirot] 



KONIVEH (Kouieli, Koninh), a city in Asia Minor, capital of the 

 paahalia of Kamm<in, which includes the greater part of I'brygia and 

 Pamphylia, is situated in a wide plain in 37° 64' N. lat., 32'' 40' K. long., 

 806 miles E. by S. from Smyrna, and tho same distance aK. from 

 Constantinople : population, 80,000. The town is surroundml by walls 

 built with well-cut blocks of stone, and ttrongthsned by square towers, 

 some of them richly ornamented with ooraioes, armbesques, lions'- 

 heads, and Arabic inscriptions. The walls rise from the brink of n 

 wide fosse, and are pierced by handsome gateways, some of whieli are 

 constracted with fragments of ancient structures. Within tho city, 

 when seen by Hamilton, presented little except rain and decay ; 

 large spaces lay covered with heaps of dilapidated mosques and deserted 

 bouses. The modem town and the bazaars occupy the more eastern 

 part of the site, where also is the konak, or palace of the pasha. The 

 houses are low, and mostly built of sun-dried bricks and wood. The old 

 castle, which stands in the centre of the town, is crumbling to j>icce.% 

 its stone-facings having been removed to build the pasha's konak. 

 Koniyeh coutains many beautiful remains of Saracenic archit< cture, 

 among which may be mentioned the mosque of Sultan Alettin on the 

 castle hill, and the Injemi Minareh Djami (Mosque with tho Minaret 

 reaching to the Stars), which is exquisitely adomed with delicate 

 tracery, fretwork, and mouldings. The minarets are chiefly of glaze 1 

 tiles and bricks of various colours, red and blue prevailing. The oM 

 Turkish prison, which forms part of the westem wall, is an interesting 

 half-ruined stracture, bearing some resemblance to a gothio castle 

 with its ruined towers, battlements, and keep. The pasha's konak is 

 a large straggling building approached by a raised oatiseway between 

 extensive burial-grounds, part of the site being now used as • cemetery. 

 The other objects of note in the town are its large baoars, seTsral 

 medresseh, or colleges, several sepulchral chapels, a few Armonia-i 

 churches, the public baths and khans, and the tomb of a Moslem saint 

 venerated all over Turkey. The mauufactures are confined to carpels 

 and blue and yellow marocco leather. Cotton, wool, and skins are 

 sent to Smyrna. The immediate neighbourhood of the town is belted 

 by a small breadth of garden-ground, which is kept in a state of 

 verdure by irrigation. The rest of tho plain in summer is a dnsty 

 desert ; in winter flooded and impassable. The city is supplied with 

 fruit and vegetables chiefly from the Oreek village of ZiUiek, which 

 is two hours' distant, and situated in a gorge among the trachytiu 

 hills westward of Koniyeh. This village is inhabited by about 6000 

 Ureeks, descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Koniyeh, who were 

 driven out and obliged to settle here by the Turks when they captured 

 the city. 



Koniyeh Is tho ancient /coni am, which Xenophonsays ('Anab.,' i. 2) 

 was in Phi7gia; in later times it was considered* the capital of 

 Lycaonia. Under tho Romans it seems to have risen in tmportancu. 

 Cicero spent ten days in Iconium on his way to Cilicia (' Epist sd 

 Attioum,' V. 20). In the first age of Christianity it is descride*! as a 

 populous city inhabited by Greeks and Jews. St. Paul and St. Bamaba j 

 preached in the synagogue of Iconium. Under the Oreek emperors 

 the city continued to be tho metropolis of Lycaonia ; but it was 

 wrested from them first by the Saracens, and afterwards by the Selju- 

 kian "Turks about A.D. 1075, who made it the capital of their 

 dominions. Under the Seljukinn sultans, and during the perioil of 

 the Crusades, Iconium acquired its greatest celebrity. The Seljukinn 

 dynasty and power terminated in 1294. After a period of anarchy 

 the city was seized by Othman, the founder of the Ottoman empire 

 in Asia, which had Bnisa for its capital. From this time Koniyeh 

 declined rapidly. Ibrahim Pasha, commander of the Egyptian army, 

 completely defeated tho Turks near Koniyeh, December 20, 1832. 



A Chri»tiau synod hell at Iconium about A.r). 230 pronounced against 

 the validity of heretical baptism. Koniyeh is looked upon by tho 

 Moslems as a sacred city ; many dervishes reside in it, and it is visited 

 by many pilgrims. 



(Mamiltou, Rtnarchtt m Ana Minor; Dielianan/ of Ortek ami 

 Roman Gtographg ; J/ondon Omgrapkical Journal, vols. viii. and x. ; 

 Conreriatiotu-Lexicon ; L'Arld* Viiijler let Da/tet.) 



KOOBA. raioBaiA.1 



KOOM. [Pkrsia.] 



KOORUM, RIVER. [Ambajhsiaji.] 



KOOTAia [Oeokoia.] 



KOPREINITkA. [Croatia.] 



KORDOFAN, a country in Africa to the south of NuWa, extmds 

 from about 16° 20' to 10* N. lat, 28° to 82° R long. It is divided 

 from Dar-Fur, which lies to the west, and from Nubia, by desei-ts. 

 On the east it extends to tho B«hr<l-Abiad, or White Nile, which 

 divides it from Sennaar. Its southera boundan'-line is stated to bo 

 formed by extensive forests covering the northern declivity of tho 

 Delr or Tuggala Mountains, and inhabited by negroes. 



The southern districts as far north as 12° N. lat, hare a broken 

 surface, and the hills rise in some parts to a considerable heights This 

 part of the country contains many springs and wells. Tho country 

 north of 12° N. 1st. may be considered as an elevated and mostly 

 level plain, on which several isolated groups of hills rise at consider- 

 able distances from one another. These hills are the only places 

 which are inhabited, because it is only in their neighbourhood that 

 wells are found that yield water all the year round. Certain wandering 



