﻿a» 



KORONI. 



KRAIK 



430 



tribes visit some depressions in the plain, where, in the rainy season, 

 temporary lakes are formed, whii;h preserve the water during the 

 greater part of the year. The plain itself is partly covered with grass 

 and partly with low thorny bashes; in a few places forest-trees occur, 

 among which is the baobab, or A dansonia. The rainy season lasts 

 from April to September. In the dry season the plain is changed 

 into a desert. No river traverses this country, with the exception of 

 the Bahr-el-Abiad. 



Agiiculture does not extend beyond the neighbourhood of the 

 iuhabited places. The princijml objects of cultivation are two kinds 

 of millet, called durrha and dughen, and simsim or sessamum. In a 

 few places wheat and barley are grown. The wandering Beduiu 

 tribes have herds of cattle, hoi'ses, and camels. The horses are of an 

 excellent breed, and the cattle have a hunch of fat. The tribes of 

 negroes iuhabitiug the southern hilly country keep a great number of 

 cattle, shtep, and goatii, but few camels and horses. Among the wild 

 nnjinnlg Uuppell mentions elephants, giraffes, imd several kiuds of 

 antelopea. The principal exports to Kgypt are gold and silver, cattle- 

 hides, sbeep-sktus, gumarabic, and cattle. Of gum-arabic as much as 

 50UU camel-loads have been sent to Cairo in the course of a year. 

 Iron is abundant and worked. 



Kordofan was subject to the sovereign of Senuaar up to the 

 beginning of the present century. It was then taken from him by 

 the king of Dar-Fur, in whose possession it remained to the year 1 820, 

 when it was conquered by Hohemet Ali, pasha of Egypt. At the 

 time whan the country was under the king of Dar-Fur, Ubeid, its 

 capital, was a considerable town, and regular caravans resorted to it 

 for slaves, ivory, gold-dust, gum-arabio, ostrich feathers, tamarinds, 

 and honey ; but on the occupation of the Egyptian Turks the town 

 was destroyed, and Kiippell estimates its population at about &000. 

 Ue mentions a place, Shabun, which is a kind of entrepdt for the 

 caravans that traverse eastern Sudan from east to west, and connect 

 it with Seuuaur and Habesh. Two roads lead from Sennaar to Obeid, 

 two others from the last-mentioued place to Pabbe ill Uongola, and 

 three to Cobbe in Dar-Fur. 



(Riippell, Beiten in Nubien, Kordofan, ttnd dtm Petrauchm 

 Arabien.) 



KORONI. rCoBON.l 



KOSLIN. fCbsUN.] 



KOSTKNDJE, or KUSTENDJI, a sea-port town or rather village of 

 Turkey in Europe, ia situated in the Dobrudscha at the eastern termina- 

 tion of the forti&cation colled Trajau's Wall, 225 miles in a straight 

 line nearly due north from Constiintinople, and about 10 miles E. 

 from Rassova. The town, which consists of about SCO houses, is built 

 oa the west shore of the Black Sea ou a peninsular projection of lime- 

 stone rock, which rises precipitously from the sea to the height of 

 about 100 feet, and shelters the harbour ou the northern side. The 

 harbour is exposed, except ou the north side, and ill adapted for large 

 ships, having in pUces only 7 feet water. Kostendje occupies the 

 site of an ancieut town, Comtantiana, which is said to have been 

 founded and named from Constautiue the Great. It retains in its 

 ruined mole traces of Roman masonry. The town has some trade in 

 com. The project of opening a channel for the Danube across the 

 Dobrudscha by the chain of lakes called Kara-Su into the harbour of 

 Kostendje has been often mooted. [UoBRUceOBA.] 



KIJ.STHOMA. [C08TB0!tA.] 



KOTMKN, the capital of the duchy of Anhalt-Kothen, is situated 

 on a fertile spot near the Zittau, in 51° 46' N. lat, 12° 3' £. long., at 

 the junction of railways from Berlin, Magdeburg, Bemburg, and 

 Leipzic, from which it is respectively distant 98, 32, 12, and 40 miles. 

 It was founded by the Slavonians, and was devastated in A.O. 927 by 

 Henry I. The streets are broad and well paved, and the town 

 presents a neat and pleasing appearance ; it ia about half a league in 

 ciruumference, and surrounded with high walls. It is divided into 

 the old and new town ; the chief buildings are the ducal palace 

 and castle, town-ball, one Reformed, one Lutheran, and one Roman 

 Catholic church. It also possesses various charitable institutions ; a 

 normal school, a public library and museum of natural history, picture 

 gallery, a theatre, and some linen and woollen manufactures. Kothen 

 carries on some trade in com and wool. 



K0TTBU8. [Bkanuesbubo.] 



KOZLOFF, GEUSLEV, or EUPATORIA, a sea-port town in the 

 Russian government of Taurida, on the west coast of the Crimea, is 

 situated on the north shore of the BHy of Kalamita, in about 46° 14' 

 N. Ut, 33' 25' E. long., 40 miles N.W. from Simferopol the capital of 

 the ^rimea, and 45 miles N. by W. in a straight line from Sevastopol. 

 The population according to the census of 1851 was 8200, chiefly 

 Tartars and Koraitio Jews, with a few Greek and Armenians. The 

 port is shallow admitting only vessels of about 8 feet draught, but 

 tolerably safe and never frozen up. The bay forms an excellent road- 

 stead, and shi|>s may approach within cable s length of the shore, but 

 it is exposed to the west and south winds which cause a heavy surf 

 all along the coast The town which is surrounded by an old crumbling 

 wall is ill-built ; the streets are narrow, crooked, and dirty ; the houses, 

 low and built of bricks and clay, open upon courts or gardens in the 

 Turkish fssbion, but present to the street only low deul walls. The 

 piindpal buildings are a Ruaso-Oreek church, several mosques, an 

 ArmenUa church, two pretty synagogues belonging to the Karaitio 



Jews, a bazaar, several khana, and the house in which the governor 

 of the district resides. The principal industrial products are leather, 

 felt stalls, and wood-work. Th&towu is famous for the preparation of 

 the black lambskins, known in England as ' Astrakhans.' There are 

 several shore-lakes to the south-east of the town ou which a good deal 

 of salt is gathered in summer. The water in the town aud neighbour- 

 hood is bad. Before the Russian occupation of the Crimea, Kozloff, 

 it is said, had a population of 30,000, and was the centre of all the 

 export trade of the counti-y. In order to restore the prosperity of 

 the place it was made a free-port for a limited period from the year 

 1798, and its trade partially recovered, but subsequently dwindled away 

 on the rise of Odessa. It still carries ou some trade in salt, corn, 

 flour, bar-iron, wool, hides, butter, wax, hairskins, &c. There is a 

 quarantine station at Kozloff. 



Kozloff is said to occupy the site of the ancient Etipatona, or Eapa- 

 turium, founded by Mithridutcs Eup.-itor and named after him. The 

 Russians call it Eupatoria, but this is no proof that the two places 

 are identicaL Some authors say that the site of the ancient Eupa- 

 toria is marked by the village of Inkeruian on the north shore of the 

 Bay of Sevastopol, where there are ancient ruins. Be this aa it may, 

 Kozloff under the Tartars was one of the most important and 

 populous towns in the Crimea. The Russians took it in 173S, 1771, 

 aud in 17S3, when with the whole of the Crimea it came into the 

 power of the Czars. In the Anglo-French invasion of the Crimea the 

 town was occupied by the Allies Sept. 13, 1854. 



KRAIN, or CARNIOLA, a crownland of the Austrian empire, is 

 bounded N. by Carinthia, E. by Styria and Croatia, S. by Croatia 

 and the Kustenland, and W. by Friuli and the circle of Gurz. The 

 area is 3838 square miles, and the population, according to the census 

 of 1850-51, was 403, yoC. 



The surface is extremely rugged aud mountainous. The principal 

 chain of the Camic Alps j>euetrates into the north-west of the crown- 

 land, where it terminates in the mass of Mount Terglou, the highest 

 point of which rises to 10,800 feet above the level of the sea. The 

 northern boundary is formed by an offset or continuation of the 

 Camio Alps, which springs from the main chain near the village of 

 Weissoufels in the north-western au^'le of the crownland, forming the 

 watershed between the Drave aud the Save, and running in a general 

 south-east dii-cction between Carinthia and Camiola, through Croatia 

 and Slavouia, where it terminates in the valley of the Danube. This 

 range, which is distinguished by different names, covers with its rami- 

 fications all that part of the crownland which lies north of the Save, 

 its highest points being the Loibelberg (5477 feet), the Sattelbcrg, 

 farther east, and the Steiner Alps to the north of tho village of Stein, 

 which rise 10,000 feet above the level of tho sea. These mountains 

 are distinguished by their singular forms, and consist of steep, rugged, 

 and for the most part naked masses of limestone, with but sciwty 

 vegetation and little timber. They ore crossed by three roads, one 

 from Villoch to Laybach by the Wurzeu Pass and ue Upper Sauthal ; 

 a second from Klageufurt to Laybach by tho Leobel or Loibel Pass 

 (4032 feet) ; aud a third from >Iarburg and Cilli to Laybach by the 

 Trojaua Pass, which is also traversed by the Vienna-Trieste railway, 

 now open as far as Laybach. In the angle between the main chain of 

 the Comio Alps and the chain that forms their continuation south- 

 eastward, the Save has its rise in the glaciers that cover the northern 

 flanks of Mount Terglou. 



The central and southern parts of the orowuland are covered by 

 the Julian, or Krainer Alps, and their ramifications. The Julian Alps 

 run south-east from Mount Terglou between the Upper Save,'and the 

 laonzo to Mount Kleck in Croatia, reaching tho height of 7458 feet 

 above the sea m the Suisuik, or Schueeberg, close to the Croatian 

 frontier. A branch runs southward from the main chain near Idria 

 along the northern and eastern edge of the peninsula of Istria ; and 

 along the western side of this riJije to the south of the Wippach 

 extends a stony wilderness called the Karst, which is a plateau of 

 limestone rocks abounding with strange chasms and fissures and 

 funnel-shaped ciivities, infested by furious winds, and almost entirely 

 destitute of vegetation. In all this region there is not a single tree ; 

 in a few sheltered spots a little corn is grown, and the vino is seen to 

 creep along the crevices of the rocks. The Karst is connected by the 

 Nonas Mountains (4000 feet) near Wippach with the main chain of 

 tho Julian Alps, here called Birnbaumerwald. From the Schueeberg 

 a branch of the Julian Alps runs between the Kulpa and the Gurk, 

 reaching in the summit of Jauemig an elevation of above UOOO feet, 

 and stretching up to the Save in the most eastern part of the crownland. 

 The Julian Alps consist of grimulous limestone which is shattered into 

 rugged fragments, rent by chasms, and full of grottoes, caverns, and 

 luidergrouud passages, abounding with the most beautiful stalactites. 

 The raiu that falls and the snow that melts upon them, form streams, 

 which for tho most part flow in subterranean channels, and the want 

 of moisture at the surface gives these mountains an aspect of the most 

 repulsive barrenness. It is said that there are above 1000 grottoes and 

 caverns in the Julian Alps, the most celebrated of which are those in 

 the neighbourhood of AoGlfiBEitu. Innumerable rivulets disappear 

 in the calcareous soil, and i>eriodical fountains spring forth ; oven 

 large streams plunge more than once into the chasms, which later- 

 sect the surface of the region, and pursue for a time an underground 

 course. Nevertheless, some of the volleys present picturesque scenery 



