﻿LAK.VRKSHIRE. 



LANCASHIRE. 



4W 



Middle Ward of the county, near Hamilton. Besides the parish 

 church there are chapela for the Free and the United Presbyterian 

 Churches. 



Strathavm is a burgh of barony and market-town in the parish of 

 Avondale : the population in 1851 was 4274. It is chiefly inhabited 

 by wearers, who are however in many cases the owners of the houses 

 in which they reside. Cattle and cheese are the staple objects of 

 traffic. The town is old, and the streets are narrow, but lighted with 

 gas. In the town are several schools, a Free church, three chapels 

 for United Presbyterians, and a public library. In the neighbourhood 

 is the old castle of .Strathaven, near which are many neat villas. 



WUhawton, population 3373, is in the parish of Cambusnethan. In 

 the vicinity are numerous coal- and iron-works. 



The following villages, with their populations in 1851, may be 

 mentioned : — 



Bigrjar, population 1530, is a picturesque village in the parish of 

 Biggar, lying on both banks of the Biggar Water, a tributary of the 

 Tweed. The village dates as a burgh of barony and market-town 

 from the middle of the 16th century. The inhabitants are principally 

 weavers. The church is a ci-uciform ediBce of the 16th century. 

 There are two chapels for United Presbyterians, and a scientific insti- 

 tution, which has 40 members and a library of 200 volumes. The 

 remains of several encampments are in the parish. Roman utensils 

 and coins have been occasionally found. Blantyre, population of the 

 parish 2848, about 7 miles S.K. from Glasgow, possesses extensive 

 cotton-spinning works. The ruins of Blantyre Priory have been 

 referred to under BornwELL There is here a station of the Glasgow 

 and Hamilton branch of the Caleilonian railway. Butby, a village 

 partly in East Kilbride parish, but chiefly in the parish of Meams, 

 Renfrewshire, has extensive print-fields and cotton-spinning works. 

 There is here a chapel for United Presbyterians. Cambtulang, parish 

 populiition 3306, is a vilUge 4 miles E. from Qlasgow. Here is a 

 station of the Caledonian railway. Cambmruthan, population of the 

 parixh 8621, in the middle ward of the county, is pleasantly situated 

 in the midst of the orchard district. On the borders of the parish are 

 the extensive Shotts Iron-Works. Cambusnethan House, a fine castel- 

 lated mansion, stands on the right bank of the Clyde, about 2 miles 

 S.W. from the village. Dowjlat, population 1525, is an agricultural 

 village and ancient burgh of barony in the parish of Douglas. Besides 

 the parish church there are chapels for Free, United, and Reformed 

 Presbyterians. In the neighbourhood are the new and splendid seat 

 of the Douglas family and the remains of the ancient Douglas C:istle, 

 the ' Castle Dangerous ' of Sir Walter Scott, Part of the old church 

 is still preserved, and contains several interesting monuments of the 

 ancient Douglases, among which is that of the ' good Sir James,' who 

 carried Bruce's heart to the Holy Laud. Oartiherrie, a village in Old 

 Monkland parish, has an elegant church. In the village are extensive 

 iron-works; and in the parixh are the Dundy van, Clyde, Calder, and 

 other iron-works, all exteu'-ive, and all contributing to the great iron- 

 tiade of Glasgow. There is here a station of the Caledonian railway. 

 Kilbride, East, population 1113, an agricultural village and burgh of 

 barony, abont 8 miles S.E. from Qhvgow. Limestone is extensively 

 wrought in this parish. The milk, butter, and cheese, the chief 

 products of the farms of the district, are sent to Qlasgow. There are 

 here a Free and a United Presbyterian church, and a subscription 

 Hbrary with 1220 volumes. LeadliUU is a mining village in Crawford 

 pariah, on the iMrders of Dmnfriesshire. The mining operations have 

 been somewhat diminished of late years. Pariick is a populous old 

 village on the river Kelvin, just beyond the western boundary of the 

 city of QLugow, now surrounded by the handsome villas of the 

 citizens. It is partly in the Barony parish ; the greater part is in the 

 parish of Govan. There are a Free church, two chapels for United 

 Pret<byterianB, and a society called the Fartick Popular Institution, 

 which had 65 members in 1851. The archbishop of Glasgow in 

 former times had a country-house here. 



llittory, Anliquilia, Ac. — Many interesting events have occurred 

 within the limits of this county; but they have generally been 

 referre<l to in treating of the different spots where they occurred. 

 The battle of Druniclog, which preceded the slaughter of Bothwell 

 Bridge, took place on Drumolog Moor, iu the parish of Strathaven. 

 The church of Kutherglen was the spot chosen by Menteith to arrange 

 for the betrayal of Wallace. The remains of the successive occupants 

 of this district have been found in various parts of the county, 

 throughout the whole of which are scattered remnants of the baronial 

 towers and of the ecclesiastical buildings of the feudal period. 



Ivdutlry, Ac. — Before the commencement of the last century 

 Lanarkshire was not remarkable either for commerce or manufactures. 

 At the time of the Union a considerable trade was carried on in the 

 towns and villages, in collecting yam for English markets, and many 

 branches of the linen manufacture had been brought to considerable 

 perfection. The rapid rise of the city of Glasgow has led to the 

 discontinuance of most of the small establishments in the county. 

 Those which now exist are subordinate branches of the extensive 

 establishments of Glasuow, which city, with its suburbs, com- 

 prehends the greater part of the population, manufactures, and 

 commerce of the district. In 1 852 there was only one savings bank 

 in the county, at Glasgow. The amount owing to depositors on 

 November 20th 1852 was 565,469i. U. 



Religiova Worship and Education. — According to the returns of the 

 Census of 1851, it appears that tliers were then iu the county 271) 

 places of worship, of which 59 belonged to the Free Church, 57 t > 

 the Established Church, 52 to the United Presbyterian Church, 27 

 to Independents, 13 to Roman Catholics, 10 to Episcopalians, 9 to 

 Baptists, 7 to Wesleyan Methodists, 6 to Mormons, 5 to Reformed 

 Presbyterians, 4 to Primitive Methodists, 3 to Original Seceders, 3 to 

 the fivangelical Union, and 2 to Quakers. The total number of sittings 

 provided was 175,319. The number of Sabbath schools in the county 

 was 622, of which 235 belonged to the Free Church, 113 to the 

 Established Church, 107 to the United Presbyterian Church, 33 to 

 Independents, 12 to Wesleyan Methodists, 8 to Episcopalians, and 6 

 to Baptists. The total number of Sabbath scholars was 60,119. Thj 

 number of day-schools was 531; namely, 281 public schools with 

 36,382 scholars, and 250 private schools with 16,886 scholars. There 

 were 172 evening fchools for adults with 6811 scholars, of whom 2591 

 were females. There were 29 literary and scientific societies in the 

 county with 8740 members, and 53,351 volumes in the libraries 

 belonging to them. 



LANARK, NEW. [Lanark.] 



LANCASHIRE, a northern county of England, is bounded N. by 

 Cumberland and Westmorland, N.E. and E. by Yorkshire, S. by 

 Cheshire, and W. by the Irish Sea. Its form is irregular ; the district 

 of Fumess on the north-western side of the county is separated from 

 the rest by the Bay of Morecambe, and by a narrow strip of the 

 county of Westmorland. Its greatest length, not including Fumess, 

 is from the 'Counties Stone,' at the junction of the three counties of 

 York, Westmorland, and Lancaster, to the bank of the Mersey, south 

 of Prescot, abont 64 miles ; the greatest breadth is from Redmer's 

 Head, east of Ri>chdale, to Farmby Point on the Irish Channel, nearly 

 45 miles. The greatest length of Fumess is from the neighbourhood 

 of Ambleside at the head of Wimlermere to Rampside, at the western 

 extremity of Morecambe Bay, 23 or 24 miles ; the greatest breadth 

 from the Duddon to the Winster .ibout 13 miles. The long narrow 

 island of Wahiey and soma smaller ones are at the southern extremity 

 of this detached portion. The whole county is comprehended between 

 53° 20' and 54° 25' N. lat., 2° 0' and 3° 16' W. bug. The area is 

 estimated at 1905 square miles, or 1,219,221 statute acres ; the popu- 

 lation in 1841 was 1,867,054 ; in 1851 it was 2,031,236. In sizo 

 Lancashire is the sixth county in England, being somewhat smaller 

 than Northumljerlmd, and rather larger thau Hampshire ; in popula- 

 tion it was exceeded in 1831 by Yorkshire and Middlesex; in 1841, 

 and 1851 it was the moat populous county in England. 



Surface and Coatt-line. — The inland part of Furness la an integral 

 part of the Cumbrian Mountains, and is marked by the features which 

 characterise Cumberland. Mountains rising to the elevation of 

 between 2000 and 8000 feet are separated by narrow valleys watered 

 by mountain-streams, or occupied by lakes. Towards the coast the 

 mountains and hills subside. Fumess is divided into Upper Fur- 

 ness, or Fumess Fells, which is mountainous; and Lower, or Low 

 Furaess, which includes the low fiat towards the shore. In the main 

 portion of the county the northern and eastern parts are occupied by 

 branches from the central high lauds which run southward through 

 Yorkshire into Derbyshire. These elevations are not equal to those 

 of the Cumbrian group ; but they expand into greater breadth, form- 

 ing high waste moorlands. In the southern and western parts the 

 high lands gradually subside, leaving between their base and the sea 

 a broad flat belt of land, and on the south sinking into the valley of 

 the Mersey and the wide expanse of the plain of Cheshire. These 

 high lands reach the margin of the sea at Liverpool; but from tho 

 mouth of the Mersey northward to the mouth of the Ribble, a uniform 

 level, containing extensive peat-moases, stretches inland from the fl:it 

 and sandy coast for several miles. Between tho mouth of the Ribblo 

 and the Wire is an extensive level tract called the Fylde country. 

 [FvLDE, The.] The level country still borders the sea from the 

 mouth of the Wire to that of the Lune, and continues along the coast 

 of Morecambe Bay. With the exception of these low lands, and \.\i<i 

 tract of Lower Furness, Lancashire has a hilly and in some parts a 

 mountainous character. The principal elevations are as follows : — • 

 Old Man in Coniston Fells, 2577 feet ; another peak, near Old Man, 

 of about the same height; Pendle Hill, near Clitheroe, 1803 feet; 

 Bleasdale Forest, on the east border near Garstang, 1709 feet ; Boul- 

 worth Hill, on the east border, near Bumley, 1689 feet ; Rivingtou 

 Moor, near Bolton, 1545 feet. 



Except near Blackpool, where there are clay-cliffs extending for 

 about 3 miles, and having in some places a height of above 100 feet, 

 the coast is low throughout, with a sweeping rounded outline, skirted 

 by broad sands dry at low water. Towards the north, where tho 

 high land approaches nearer to the sea, the coast loses its convexity 

 of outline, and forms a deep bay, of which Rossall Point and tha 

 southern point of Fumess form the extremities. A tongue of low land 

 projecting near the mouth of the Lune divides this large bay iuto the 

 two smaller ones of Lancaster and Morecambe, the Moricaiube of the 

 ancients. Lancaster Bay receives the Lune and tho Wire : the 

 sostuaries of the Leven and the Ken, or Kent, open into Morecambe 

 Bay. The depth of water in both bays is little except iu tho channels 

 formed by the rivers, and a considerable part becomes at low water an 

 expanse of sand, across which there is a road, passable, though not 



