﻿4i7 



LANCASTEK. 



LAKDES. 



•iss 



rebellion of 1715 Genei-als Wills and Carpenter compelled the sup- 

 porters of the Pretender to surrender at Preston, to which place they 

 had advanced in their march southward. 



Of the early periods of our history there are few castellated 

 remains. The keeps of Lancaster and Dalton castles, the ruins of 

 the castle on the island of Pile of Fouldrey, and Hornby Castle, are 

 noticed elsewhere. Gleaston Castle is in Furness, about two miles 

 east of Furness Abbey : the ruins consist of portions of three square 

 towers with some connecting walls, formed of mud and pebbles, and 

 faced with limestone, inclosing an area or court-yard. Thurland 

 Castle, near Hornby, is an old mansion which, having been fortiiied, 

 stood a siege in the civil wars of Charles I. The ruins of Greenhaugh 

 Castle, a mile from G.irstang, consist of one shattered tower. The 

 monastic ruins in the county are of greater interest. Cockersand 

 Abbey is about 6 miles S.W. from Lancaster, on a point of land at 

 the mouth of the Lune. The only portion remaining is the chapter- 

 house, an octangular room, the roof of which is supported by a single 

 pillar rising in the centre. Furness Abbey is neai- Dalton, in Furness, 

 on the bonks of a rivulet in a narrow and fertile vale. It was founded 

 in 1127 by Stephen, then carl of Morton, afterwards king of England, 

 for Cistercian monks removed here from Tulket in Amoundemess, 

 but origin.-illy from Savigny in France. The ruins of this abbey ai-e 

 still magnificent, and fconx the picturesque beauty of the surrounding 

 scenery are among the most striking of our monastic remains. They 

 are of Norman and early English character. The whole length of 

 the church is said to be 2S7 feet ; the nave is 70 feet broad, and the 

 walls are in some places 54 feet high and 5 feet thick. The windows 

 and arches are upon a scale of unusual loftiness. There are ruins of 

 the chapter-house and cloisters, and of the school-house, a large 

 building detached from all the rest The immediate precincts of the 

 abbey, said to comprehend 65 acres, are inclosed by a stone-wall, on 

 which appear the remains of small buildings, the offices of the abbey, 

 and, entered by a gateway, a beautiful pointed arch. The ruins are 

 built of a pale red stone, dug in the neighboaihood, and changed by 

 time and weather to a dusky-brown tint They arc everywhere 

 emboased by climbing or parasitic plants. Whalley Abbey and the 

 priory church of Cartmel need only be mentioned here. 



Bdufioiu Wonltip and Education. — According to the 'Returns of 

 the Census," taken in March 1851, it appears that there were then in 

 Lancashire 1627 places of worship, of which 529 belonged to the 

 Church of England, 300 to Wealeyan Methodists, 170 to Independents, 

 114 to Uoman Catholics, 107 to Primitive Methodists, 100 to BsptisU, 

 81 to tlie Wesleyan Methodist Association, 35 to Unitarians, 27 to 

 Quakers, 27 to New Connexion Methodists, 23 to Presbyterians, 21 to 

 Swedenborgiaus, 15 to Mormons, 11 to the Countess of Huntingdon's 

 Connexion, 8 to Welsh Calvinistic Methodists, and 7 to Jews. The 

 total number of sittings provided wss estimated at 790,874. The 

 number of Sunday schools in the county was 1524, of which 548 

 belonged to the Church of England, 489 to 7 sections of Methodists, 

 155 to Independents, 83 to Baptists, 78 to Roman Catholics, 26 to 

 Unitarians, 21 to Presbyterians, 19 to Swedenborgiaus, 8 to Quakers, 

 and 7 to Mormons. The total number of Sunday scholars was 

 323,173. The number of Day schools in the county was 3014, 

 namely, 1036 public schools with 150,338 scholars, aud 1978 private 

 schools with 65,509 scholars. Of Evening schools for adults there 

 were 314, with 9687 scholars. There wore 99 literary aud scientific 

 institutions, with 20,053 members, and possessing Ubraries coutaiuing 

 about 210,000 volumes. 



Saving) Banks. — In 1852 the county possessed 29 savings banks, at 

 Accrington, Aahton-uuder-Line, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, 

 Chorley, Clitheroe, Colne, Croston, Eccleston, Fleetwood, Kirkham, 

 Lancaster, Leigh, Leyland, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Ormskirk, 

 Foulton, Prescot, Preston, liawtonstall, Southport, Staleybridge, 

 Ulverstone, Warnngton, and Wigan. The total amount owing to 

 depositars on November 2Uth 1852 was 2,692,747/. 18«. lOd 



LANCASTER, the chief town of Lancashire, a market-town, muni- 

 cipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 in the parish uf Lancaster, is situated on an eminence on the left bank 

 of the river Lune, in 54° 4' N. lat, 2" 46' W. long., distant 240 miles 

 N.W. by N. from London by road, and 230 miles by the North- Western 

 railway. The population of the municipal borough of Lancaster in 

 1851 was 14,601 ; of the parliamentary borough 16,168. The borough 

 is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of whom is mayor, 

 and returns two members to the Imperial Parliament A Local Board 

 of Health has charge of the sanitary arrangements of the borough. 

 The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Lancaster and diocese 

 of Manchester. Lancaster Poor-Law Union contains 19 townships, 

 with an area of 54,252 acres, and a population in 1851 of 23,454. 



Lancaster was a Homau station, probably the Ad Alaunam of Richard 

 of Cirencester. The castle was enlarged, and the town, which bad 

 previously received a charter from Kiug John, obtained additional 

 privileges in the reign of Edward III., who conferred the duchy of 

 Lancaster on his son John of Gaunt. The town suffered severely in 

 the War of the Roses, and was the scene of contest in the civil war 

 of Charles L 



Lancaster is situated at the north-western angle of Lancashire, 

 about 7 miles from the mouth of the river Lune. The appeai-ance of 

 the town is picturesque. The summit of the eminence on which the 



town stands is crowned by the towers of the castle, a spacious edifice, 

 comprehending a large court-yard, some smaller yards, and several 

 differently-shaped towere : it has been almost wholly rebuilt in a 

 palatial style, and fitted up at a vast expense as a county jail and 

 court-house. The lai-ge square keep is very ancient and extremely 

 strong : the gateway, defended by two semi-octangular projecting 

 towers, is referred to the time of Edward III. The shire hall aud 

 county-courts ai-e modern. The streets of the town are for the most 

 part narrow : they are paved with the ordinary cobble-stones of the 

 district, and are lighted with gas. The houses are built of freestone, 

 which is quarried in the neighbourhood, and are covered with slate. 

 The church is on the same eminence as the castle : it is spacious, aud 

 contains some specimens of screen-work ; the tower is modurn. In 

 the churchyard is the shaft of a Danish cross with Runic characters. 

 There are several chapels of ease and chapels for Independents, Wes- 

 leyan Methodists, Presbyterians, aud other dissenters. The Royal 

 Grammar school is supposed to have been founded by John Gardyuer 

 in 1485. The number of scholars in 1853 was 114, of whom 20 were 

 admitted by the corporation. A new school-house, with residences for 

 the masters, has been recently erected. Lancaster Grammar scliool has 

 possessed some celebrity : among its more eminent living scholars are 

 Dr. Whewell and Professor Owen. There are also in the town a Blue- 

 Coat school. National, British, Roman Catholic, Quaker, and Infant 

 schools. There are assembly-rooms, a theatre, and public baths. A 

 handsome stone-bridge of five arches over the Lune connects the town 

 with the suburb of Skerton. Thei-e are several almshouses ; and on 

 Lancaster Moor, in the neighbourhood of the town, is the county 

 lunatic asylum, a neat building, capable of accommodating 700 

 patients. There are also a lying-in charity, a dispensary, and other 

 benevolent institutions. The Lancaster Athenscum had 540 mem- 

 bers in 1851 ; the Church of England Instruction Society had 202 

 members, with 650 volumes in its library ; the mechanics institute 

 had 220 members, with 2900 volumes in its librarj'. The town-hall 

 is a neat building, standing in a square : in it are several portraits 

 of distinguished persons. The custom-house is a small Ionic edifice. 

 The assizes for the county, quarter-sessions, and a county-court are 

 held at Lancaster. There is a savings bank. Markets are held on 

 Wednesday and Saturday. Fairs are held May 1st, July 5th, and 

 October 10th, the last being a great cheese fair. In the town and 

 vicinity are cotton- and silk-mills, iron-foundries, corn-mills, very 

 extensive steam-power marble-works, and considerable establishments 

 for the manufacture of furniture. The river admits vessels of 300 

 tons burden up to the town. The number of sailing vessels registered 

 as belonging to the port of Lancaster on the 31st of December 1853 

 was : — Under 50 tons 36, tonnage 1389 ; above 50 tons 53, tonnage 

 5479; and 7 steam-vessels of 1085 tons. During 1853 there entered 

 the port 1256 vessels of 67,153 tons, and cleared 555 vessels of 32,596 

 tons. Of steam-vessels there entered 369 of 61,467 tons, and cleared 

 363 of 60,261 tons. The total amount of customs duties received at 

 the port in 1850 was 27,001t ; in 1851 it was 20,036i. Races are held 

 annually on the Moor, about a mile and a half from the town. 



LAN CHESTER, Durham, a small town and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union in the parish of Lanchester, is situated in 54° 50' N. lat., 1° 44' 

 W. long., distant 8 miles N.W. from Durham, and 266 miles N.N.W. 

 from London. The population of Lanchester township and hamlets 

 was 752 in 1851. The living is a perpetual curacy in the urch- 

 deaconry and diocese of Durham. Lanchester Poor-Law Union 

 contains 18 parishes and townships, with an area of 48,984 acres, aud 

 a population in 1851 of 20,075. Lanchester is a small place in a 

 remote district near the border of the county. The parish church, 

 which was formerly collegiate, is early English, and has an embattled 

 square tower. In the vicinity are flour-mills aud coal-mines. Lan- 

 chester is on the site of the Roman station Epiacum ; distinct traces 

 of the works and of the great Roman road to Scotland are observable 

 in the neighbourhood. 



LANCIANO. [ABR0ZZO.] 



LANDAU, a small fortified town of Rhenish Bavaria, is situated in 

 a beautiful valley on the Qucich, 18 miles S.W. from Speyer, and has 

 about 0000 inhabitauta, exclusive of the gaiTisou. The groimd plan 

 of the ramparts is a regular octagon, with 8 curtains, covered by 

 7 bulwarks, 3 redoubts, 7 lunettes, 1 fort, 3 whole and 2 half bastions, 

 and suiTouuded by broad moats. The barracks aud casemates are 

 bombproof. It is very regularly built within, has two gates, a large 

 parade, a church, which Protestants and Roman Catholics have in 

 common, a gymnasium, various public offices, and manufactures of 

 calico, woollens, linen, hats, fire-arms, copper and iron-foundries, large 

 vinegar factories, &c. Landau, which was formerly an imperial city, 

 was ceded to France in IGaO, and fortiiied by Louis XIV. la 1702 it 

 was tikeu by the Austrians, but recovered by the French in 1703. 

 After the battle of Blenheim in 1704 it again fell into the hands of 

 the Austrians, who retained it till 1713, when it was again ceded to 

 France. In 1793 it was unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians and 

 Prussians. The first treaty of Paris in 1814 left it to the BVench ; 

 but at the second treaty in 1815 it was declared a fortress of the 

 German Confederation, under the protection of Bavaria, a part of 

 whose contingent to the army of the Confederation forms the gairison. 



LANDERNAU. [Fi.sisTfeiiE.] 



LANDE3, a department in the south-west of France, bounded N. 



