﻿409 



LA-TO0R-DU-PIK. 



LAUSANNE. 



470 



ship of Manliiis, they were §«cceesful, banlly one-fourth of the Latins 

 escaping to Mintumse. After sustaining a subsequent defeat at 

 Trifanum the Latins made their submission, when part of their knd 

 was taken from them nnd appropriated to the Roman people. In the 

 following year however several of the Latin cities rose again ; but 

 instead of uniting their armies in the field tbey kept their men within 

 their respective walls ready to sally out, and whenever the Romans 

 attempted the siege of one all the rest lent assistance to the besieged. 

 By this means the consul jEmilius was obliged to raise the siege of 

 Pedum. In the next year (B.C. 337) the consul L. Furius Oamillus, 

 grandson of the deliverer of Rome, took the field ; he entered Pedum 

 by storm, and, together with his colleague, reduced successively the 

 other Latin towns and placed garrisons in them. On his return to 

 Rome he told the senate that it was in their power to destroy the 

 Latin towns ; but he advised them to attach the people to themselves 

 for ever by giving them the Roman citizenship, and thus to strengthen 

 the sinews of the republic. The senators, adopting mercy as the 

 wisest course, acted mainly in accordance with this advice, but made 

 a distinction according to the conduct and merits of the various Latin 

 cities. Lanuvium and Nomentum received the Roman citizenship ; 

 Tnsculum was confirmed in the possession of it ; Aricia was kept for 

 a time as a subject town, but was afterwards admitted to the franchise; 

 Tibur and Prroneste bad their lands confiscated ; VeUtne, as being an 

 old Roman colony, had its walls razed and its senators banished 

 beyond the Tiber. A fresh colony was scut to Antium : their ships 

 were taken from the old inhabitants, and they were forbidden to go 

 any more to sea. The general assemblies of the Latin cities at the 

 wood of Ferentina were at an end. Thus terminated the existence 

 of the Latins as an independent people; they became subjects of 

 Rome, excepting the few towns above mentioned, which had the 

 Roman citizenship. The Latins, after that epoch, are no longer 

 mentioned as Socii, but distinguished from the genuine Romans as 

 being 'Latini nominia.' (SigoniuK, 'De Jure antiquo Italiae,' b. i., 

 ' De Jure Latii.') 



During the second Punic war the Latins remained faithful to Rome, 

 whose armies were repeatedly recruite<l among them during that long 

 and fearful contest. For two centuries and a half they remained in 

 the same dependent condition, without the rights of citizenship (' sine 

 elTitatia jure '), until the consul L. J. Cxsar (b.o. 91), after the defeat 

 of several lioman armies in the Social war, obtained the passing of n 

 law which gave the Roman franchise to all the people of Italy who 

 were allies of Rome and had remained faithful in that emergency. 

 This franchise, or civitas, is stated accordingly to have been granted 

 to the socii, or alliee, who had furnished their contingents, and to the 

 Latins, who are mentioned diitinctly from the rest. By this grant 

 the freemen of the Latin towns were placed so far on a level with the 

 Roman citizens as to enjoy the full Roman franchise, to be admitted 

 into the Roman rustic tribes, have votes, and be eligible to public 

 offices. 



(Corradino and Volpi, VOut Latiwn Profanwn, 10 toIs., 4to. ; 

 Cluverius, Italia A niiqua ; Bonstetten, Voyage am Latimn ; Petit 

 Badel; DodweU; Nibby ; Sir W. GeU.) 



LA-TOUR-DU-PIN. [IsftBE.] 



LATRONICO. [Basilicata. 



LAUDER, Berwickshire, Scotland, a royal and parliamentary bnrgh 

 in the parish of Lauder, is situated in 65° 42' N. lat, 2° 45' W. long., 

 254 miles S.E. from Edinburgh. The population of the burgh in 1S51 

 was II05. The town is governed by a chief magistrate and 17 coun- 

 cillors ; and unites with North Berwick, Dimbar, Haddington, and 

 Jedburgh in returning one member to the Imperial Parliament. 



There is only one street in the town. The parish church, the town- 

 boose and lock-up house, the Free church, and the United Presbyte- 

 rian church are the public buildings. The bupgh possesses an exten- 

 sive common, which is exclusively used by a small body of privileged 

 boi^gfesses. Close by the town is the residence of the Earl of Lauder- 

 dale, Thirlestane Castle, which stands in a spacious park. 



LAUENBURO, a duchy in Oermany subject to the king of Den- 

 mark, is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, between 53° 22' and 

 68° 47' N. lat, 10° 3' and 11° 5' E. long. It is bounded by the terri- 

 tories of Hanover, Mecklenburg, Holstein, Liibeck, and Hamburg, and 

 baa an area of 392 square miles, with a population of 46,486 in 1850. 

 The face of the country is level, with only a few hills ; tho soil is in 

 ■ome parte very fertile, while in others there are tracts of sand or 

 extensive heaths ; there are also large turf-moors and considerable 

 forests. The rivers are the Elbe, Bille, Stecknitz, and Trave, which 

 afford ample means for inland trade ; and the Stecknitz Canal, 

 between the Elbe and the Trave, opens a communication with the 

 Baltic at Liibeck. The duchy is traversed by the Hamburg-Berlin 

 railway, and by a branch from it northward to Liibeck. The most 

 coofiderable lakes are those of Schaal and Ratzeburg. The products 

 are com, flax, timber, turf, homed cattle, sheep, poultry, fish, 4c. 

 The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture and the carrying 

 trade both by land and water ; and their exports are pretty consider- 

 able, especially of timber and fuel. They have no manufactures. 



Lauenburg had formerly its own dukes, whose filmily became extinct 

 in 1689. It then fell to the duke of Brunswiok-Luneburg, and subse- 

 quently formed part of the electorate of Hanover. In 1S05 it was 

 taken possenion of by the emperor Napoleon I., and in 1810 incorpo- 



rated with the new French department of the Mouths of the Elbe. 

 In 1814 Lauenburg was restored to George III. as king of Hanover; 

 but by the peace of 1815, Sweden, which had deprived Denmark of 

 the kingdom of Norway, ceded Swedish Pomerania to Denmark, and 

 Pi-ussia ceded East Friesland to Hanover, in exchange for the duchy 

 of Lauenburg, Hanover however retaining the small tract on the left 

 bank of the Elbe and the detached bailiwick of Neuhaus on the right 

 bank. Prussia then exchiinged Lauenbiirg with Denmark for Swedish 

 Pomerania; but as the latter province was more valuable, Prussia 

 paid to denmark two millions of Prussian dollars. It also paid a 

 debt of 600,000 Swedish bank dollars, which Sweden owed to 

 Denmark, and paid besides 3,500,000 dollars to Sweden. 



Tovma. — Lauenburg (3800 inhabitants), stands on the Elbe, at the 

 mouth of the Delvenau or Stecknitz Canal, and has a custom-house, 

 some transit trade, and the remains of. the old castle of the dukes of 

 Saxe-Lauenburg. Ratzeburg, the capital, a well-built town on an 

 island in the Ratzeburg Lake, 12 miles by railway S. from Liibeck, 

 has extremely fine views over the lake ; it is connected with the left 

 shore by a causeway, and with the right by a bridge 1100 feet in 

 length; population 3000. Part of Ratzeburg is in Mecklenburg 

 Strelitz. The lake is 6 miles long and between a mile and two miles 

 wide ; its surplus waters are carried by the Wakenitz into the Trave. 

 Mcillni, 18 miles by railway from Liibeck, on the Stecknitz, is the 

 burying-place of the famous Till Eulenspiegel, of whom various relics 

 are still shown there : population, 2700. Bucken is 29 miles by railway 

 from Liibeck, at the junction with the Hamburg-Berlin line. 



LAUGHARNE. [Caebmahthesshibe.] 



LAUN. [Egek.] 



LAUNCESTON, Cornwall, a market-town, municipal and parlia- 

 mentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in 

 50° 33' N. lat, 4° 19' AV. long.; distant 21 miles N.E. from Bodmm, 

 213 miles W.S.W. from London. The population of the muuicipal 

 borough of Launceston in 1851 was 3397, that of the parliamentary 

 borough was 6005. The borough is goveme<l by 4 aldermen and 12 

 councillors, one of whom is mayor ; and conjointly with the neigh- 

 bouring borough of Newport, returns one member to the Imperial 

 Parliament. The sanitary affairs of the borough are uuder the 

 management of a Local Board of Health. The living is a perpetual 

 curacy in the archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. 

 Launceston Poor-Law Union contains 25 parishes and townships, with 

 an area of 101,450 acres, and a population in 1851 of 18,805. 



Launceston, anciently Vunheved, and commonly called Lanson, is 

 usually regarded as tho capital of ComwalL It is pleasantly situated 

 on a steep hill rising from the banks of the Attery, a few mUes above 

 the confluence of that stream with the Tamar. Some improvements 

 have token place in the town of late years. Launceston is a very 

 ancient town. Previous to the passing of the Reform Act, the boroughs 

 of Launceston and Newport each returned two members to Parlia- 

 ment. The county assizes were both held at Launceston till 1716, 

 and the lent assizes till 1838. Both summer and lent assizes are now 

 held at Bodmin. The most important building in Launceston is the 

 church, which was erected about 1535. It is built of carved granite 

 blocks, is 104 feet long and 52 feet broad internally, and is of singular 

 beauty. The Wesleyan Methodists and Independents have places of 

 worship. The Qrammar school, founded by Edward VI., had 19 

 scholars in 1853. There are National and British schools ; a young 

 mens institute ; and a savings bank. A county court is held here. 

 The market is held on Saturday. There are two large market-places; 

 one fur meat, &c, the other for com aud light goods. Fairs are held 

 six times a year. 



The remains of the ancient castle of Launceston are very remark- 

 able. The most remote antiquity has been assigned to it, but none 

 of the existing remains appear of earlier than Norman date, while 

 parts are much later. The castle grounds were beautifully laid out 

 as pleasnre grounds at the expense of the late Duke of Northumber- 

 land, the constable of Launceston Castle. Some slight remains exist 

 of a priory founded in the reign of Henry I. ; also a few fragments 

 of the old town wall. 



LAUNCESTON. [Vaw Diemen's Land.] 



LAURENCEKIRK. [Kincabdineshire.] 



LAURENT-DE-MEDOC, ST. [GiRONDE.] 



LAURENTDU-PONT, ST. [IsfeBE.] 



LAURIA. [Basilicata.] 



LAUSANNE, the head town of the Swiss canton of Vaud, is 

 situated near the northern shore of the Lake of Geneva, on three 

 steep hills, which project from Mout Jorat, and are separated by deep 

 ravines. The highest of these ridges, upon which the old cathedral is 

 built, is 500 feet above the lake, and about 1700 feet above the sea. The 

 situation of Lausanne is pioturesque, but the interior of the town is 

 far from pleasing ; the streets are mostly narrow, very steep, and ill 

 paved. The cathedral, avast gothic structure of the 11th century, 

 the handsomest in Switzerland, is adorned with a lofty tower, and also 

 a spire 200 feet high. It contains the tomb of Victor Araadeus VIII., 

 duke of Savoy, and a monument to Mrs. Stratford Canning; 

 the remains of St. Bernard, the founder of the celebrated hospice ou 

 the Alps, were buried in this cathedral. The church of St-Franjoia 

 is also a very old building, and is memorable for the council assembled 

 there in 1449, in which Felix V. solemnly resigned his claims to the 



