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LAUSITZ. 



LAVORO, TERRA DL 



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Fopadom. The castle^ fomwrly Um rMidanoe of tha biihopa of 

 L«umuM, U DOW Uie gDratnineot-houM, ud the lagiiUUva oounoU 

 of U>e canton ttimblai in ona of iU halla. Tha othar remmrlubla 

 boilUingi of lanimie are — tha collage, which eonUini tha oantonal 

 library, with 83,000 Tolamat, am! a miucum oontainins collections of 

 mineralogy, botany, aoologr, Ac; tha penitentiary, tlio charity-tcbooli, 

 and tha caaino, or dub-bouae. Then are a Catholic chorch and a 

 Lnthanui chapel ; tha Utter ia wed also bv Die Engliab. The town, 

 aorwfiHng to the cecatu of ISfiO, had a liopulation of about 18,000. 

 The manufacturai, which are important, oompriia wooUen-clotb, 

 paper, leather, and jewellery. Soma trade ia carried on in wine, 

 which ia the staple produce of the canton. Steamboats ply on the 

 lake between Oenera, Lausanne, and other towns. The enTirona of 

 Lausanne are delightful. The house and garden in which Oibbon 

 wrote the greatest part of tho ' Decline and Fall ' are still shown at 

 Lausanne. In the cemetery of St-Pierre, near the town, is tho grave 

 of John Kemble. 



LAUSITZ, or LUSATIA, formerly a margnTiato in Oermany, 

 extended from 50' 60' to 62° IC N. Ut., 18° 20' to Ifi" 15' E. long. 

 It waa bounded N. by Brandenburg, I'l by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, nud 

 W. by Saxooy. The area was 43S6 square miles, and tho population 

 about half a million of inhabitants. It was divided into Upper 

 Lausita (the southern part) and Lower Lausitz. 



I«aaitx was early mhabited by tribes of the Slavonian Sorbi, the 

 aocestora of the present Wends, who were subdued a.d. 028 by 

 Henry I., and converted to Christianity in 968 by Otho I. From that 

 time its history presents a continual change of masters. In 1620 

 Lausits and Silesia baring revolted in consequence of the religious 

 opprenion of tho cm|x;ror Ferdinand II., John Oeorge I., elector of 

 Siucooy, reduced those proviuces to obedience ; and by the treaty of 

 Prague (a.i>, 1635) the whole of Lausitz was ceded to Saxony. By 

 the decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Saxony was obliged 

 to cade the whole of Lower Lausitz and the half of Upper Lausitz to 

 Prussia ; so that the Prussian portion of tho ancient mai^greviate has 

 an area of about 3300 square miles, which is divided between Branden- 

 borg, Prussisn Saxony, and Silesia. The part left to Saxony forms the 

 cirde of Lausitz, or liautcen, or Budissin, as it is otherwise called, from 

 names of its chief town. The circle is bounded N. by Pruasiau 

 Saxony, E. by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, and W. by the Saxon circle 

 of Dresden. Its area is 967 square miles, and its population in 1852 

 was 297,744, of whom about 43,000 are Wends, who still retain their 

 own langusge (which difTera very little from the other Slavonian 

 dialects), and many national habite, to which they are pasaionatoly 

 attached. They are a well-made, robust, brave, aud industrious race 

 of men. The inhabitants of the circle are nearly all Lutherans or 

 Catholics, tho ratio of the former to the latter being nearly as 12 to 1. 



The circle is covered in the south-east with mountains, which form 

 the continuation of the Riesengebirge westward and send out uumer- 

 ona oSaets into the other parts of the circle. The principal rivers are 

 the Neiaie, a feeder of the Oder in the southeast ; the Spree in the 

 centre, and the Elster in the north-west, which belong to the basin of 

 the Elbe. The soil is mindy, and in general unproductive. The com 

 produced does not suffice for the home consumption. Flax, hemp, 

 tobacco, &0., arc grown. Horses, homed cattle, sheep, bees, and geese 

 are Teiy numerous. Bog-iron is found, and iron-mines are worked. 

 Great quantitiea of turf are cut for fuel. A great number of the 

 inhabitants are engaged in manufacturing woollen-clotb, hosiery, 

 linen, cotton, leather, tobacco, &c. There are several irou-for^es and 

 foundries. 



The province is crossed by the Saxo-Silesiau railway, which mns 

 east from Dresden to Oorlitz in Silesia, passing through Bauteen and 

 Lobau, whence a branch runs southward through Heranhut to Zittau. 

 The Saxo-Silesian line connects tho province with the railway systom 

 of central and western Germany on the one hand, and on the other 

 it abuts in the great line which connects Berlin with Vienna through 

 Brealau. 



Tho principal towns of tho circle are : — Bautien [Baptzks] : Ebtrs- 

 hack, Ji.W. of Zittau, on the Spree, a place of 6000 inhabitants, and 

 one of the principal centres of tho linon manufacture in Saxony : 

 KamtKi, on the Schwarze-EIster, which has manufactures of woollen- 

 oloth, linen, and leather, and a population of 3844 ; the poet Leasing 

 was bom here in 1729 : Oroit-fkhonau, which stands on tho Altwasser, 

 and has 4600 inhabitants, who mauufoctiiro large quantities ordnmosk : 

 /fnr/ieiiaii, <>n tho Bohemian frontier, which has 3700 inhabitants 

 cmploved in the manufacture of linen and ribands : J/emnhut, a few 

 miles K. of ZitUu, a small place of 1400 inhabitants, from which the 

 sect of the avangalical brethren took tho name of Hemnhuttors : and 

 ZiUau, on the Altwaswr, or Mandan, a fee<ler of the Neiase, 21 miles 

 br '»''*g a. Inr E- from Lobau. It is a Urge well-built walled town, 

 with ooniidarabla linen and woollen manvSacturcs, cotton factories, 

 distillerisi, breweries, paper^milU, dvo houses, and potteries; it has 

 •bo a good commerce in flax, Imen thread, and colonial products; a 

 theatre, 8 ehurohea, a gymnasium, a training-school for teachers, a 

 public library of 12,000 Tolumea, and about 10,000 inhabitants. 



LAVAGNA. r0»»04.1 



LAVAL. [MATRfji«.J 



LAVAUR. (Tarji.) 



LAVELLO. [Bauucata.] 



LAVENHAM, Suflulk, a market-town in the parish of Larenham, 

 ia situated on the right bank of the little river Bret, in 62° 6' N. lat., 

 0* 48' K. long., diitant 12 miles S. by E. from Bury St. Edmunds, and 

 60 miles N.b. by N. from l^ndon. The population of the paridi in 

 1851 was 1811. Tho living ia a rectory in the archdeaconry of 8ad- 

 btuy and diocese of Ely. 



Lavenbam occupies a healthy situation on the declivity of a hilL Tho 

 market-place U a apaoioiu area. The parish church U a handsoma 

 edifice of the parpendiouUr style, 156 foet long by 68 feet wide; it bos 

 an embattled tower surmounted with a spire 141 feet higli. There are 

 chapeU for Wesleyan Methodists aud Independents; an Endowed 

 Grammar school, which had 19 rcholara in 1851 ; National schooU ; 

 and several almshouses. A little wool-combing and spinning and 

 some silk-weaving are carried on. The market on Tuesday is thinly 

 attonded. Fairs are held on Shrove Tuosdsy and October 11th. 



LAVER, HIGH. [Essex.] 



LAVINGTON. [Wiltcuibe.] 



LAVOTIO, TERRA DI ('arable land'), u the name of a province 

 of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, corresponding to the greater part 

 of the ancient Carajumia. It is bounded N. by Abruzzo, E. by Saaoio, 

 or Molise, 8. by tho province of Naples and the Mediterranean, and 

 W. by the States of the Church. The boundary-line between tha 

 two states runs along the crest of a ridge that forms the western edge 

 of the basin of the Liri for a few miles below Sora, then the Liri 

 iteelf, and from the mouth of the Saooo the crest of an ofiset of tha 

 Monti Lepini, or VoUoiau Mountains, which mns down to tha sea 

 between lorracina and FondL Two roads lead from the Papal State 

 into the province of Terra di lAvoro ; one by Terracina between the 

 mountains and the sea-ebore, and the other by the valley of the Saoco, 

 which opens into the valley of the Liri below Ceprano. This last 

 road, which follows the track of the ancient Via Latina, haa bean 

 restored by the present king of the Two Sicilies. 



The province extends between the lower ridges of tho Apennines, 

 the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, and the volcanic group of moun- 

 tains which encircle the Bay of Naples. The surface is a vast pUiu 

 broken only by a few ridges thrown up by ancient volcanic agency. 

 The soil itself, which is of the greatest fortility and most easily tilled, 

 is for the most part of volcanic origin, and has been celebrated in all 

 sgea for yielding com, wine, and oil of tho best quality. The principal 

 rivers that cross the plain are the Liri (ancient Lirit), which after 

 its jtmction with the Sacco is called Gariyliano ; the ISavone (ancient 

 Savo), which traverses the Faleraian district at the eastern base of the 

 Mosaic Hills; tho rutfiinio, which flowssouth-aouth-east to ita junction 

 with the Calore, and then west past Capua to the sea ; and the Lagni 

 (ancient Claniut), which entera the Mediterranean on the frontier of 

 the province of Napoli 



It is divided into five districts, namely :— 1. The plain of Nolo, to 

 the south-cast, which embraces the fertile region between Movmt 

 Vesuvius aud the Apennines. This plain looks like an immense grora 

 of toll elms and poplars planted in rows to supiwrt the vines which 

 grow at their feet, and which twist around tliem, and hang in festoons 

 from tree to tree. Between the lines com and pulse ore sown without 

 fallows ; but in order to prevent the ground from becoming exhausted, 

 early crops of lupines and beans are raised, which are hoed up before 

 they bear fniit, and are buried for manure. The soil is a rich sandy 

 loam. 2. West of Nola is The district of Ouerta, which includes tho 

 central part of Campania, and is watered by the Vulturao. The 

 plains of Caserta and Capua near the mountains aro tolerably healthy, 

 well cultivated, and extremely productive ; but the lower pUin of 

 the Voltumo, from Capua to the sea, is very unhealthy : it is chiefly 

 occupied by herds of homed cattle. The Savonc, which rises in the 

 hills above Teano and spreads into tho plain north-west of the Vol- 

 tumo, forming pools of stagnant water, contributes to poison the 

 atmosphere of this region. A range of hills, the Msssicus of tho 

 ancients, here divides tho basin of tho Voltumo from that of tho 

 Oarigliano. Tho district of the great plain of Campania between tho 

 Massic Hills and the right bank of tho Voltumo was anciently calleil 

 Falemus Ager, so celebrated in Roman times for ite generous wines. 

 3. West of the above range begins The ditlrict of Oaf to, which includes 

 the lower valley of the Garigliano and tho plain of Foudi, which is 

 separated from we Garigliano by the mountains of Itri, or the Formion 

 Hilla The low lands of the Garigliano are aa unhealthy and (lesuUte 

 as those of the Voltumo ; but where the Formian Hills stroteh near 

 the coast the coimtry ia licolthy, fruitful, and well cultivated. Tho 

 plain of Fondi is very unhealthy, owing to a stagnant lake near that 

 town. Tho district between the Garigliano and the offset of tha 

 VoUeian Mountains which forms part of the western boundary was 

 included in ancient Latium, and inhabited by the Aunmci an Ausonian 

 tribe. 4. North of Capua and beyond the defiles of Mount Tifate, 

 The dittricl of PiedimonU occupies the valley of tho Upper Volturno 

 to beyond Venafro, and as far as the great chain of the Apennines of 

 Abruzzo. This port of the country is healthier, the low lands are 

 cultivated with wheat and maize, and the lower slopes of the moun- 

 tains aie planted with olive trees, while tho higher grounds afford 

 pasture or aro covered with chestnut-trees. 6. North-west of the 

 district of Piodimonte, and divided by it from an offset of the Apen- 

 nines, lies Thediftrict of Sora, which ombroocs the valley of the Upper 

 Liri This is partly a mountainous district, cold in winter, different 



