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LAVORO, TERBA DI. 



LAVORO, TERRA DI. 



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in character from the rest of the province, and partaking of the nature 

 and climate of Abruzzo. Fairer complexions, especially among the 

 women, are to be found in this district than in the maritime parts of 

 the country. 



Ancient Campania extended southward to the Mens Lactarius 

 (Monte San Angelo), a long ofbet of the Apennines, which terminates 

 in the Sorrentine Promontory, now Cape Campanella, between the 

 gulfs of Naples and Salerno. The territory of the Piceutini, who 

 occupied the district between the Mons Lactarius and the Silanis (now 

 Sele), waa included in Campania for administrative purposes. The 

 maritime district of Campania, from the Linterna Palus (Lago di 

 Patria) to the Mons Lactarius, now forms the metropolitan province of 

 NapolL In this district, which is altogether volcanic, are Vesuvius, 

 and the Hons Gaurus, now Monte Barbaro, celebrated for its wines. 

 This territory is now included in Prinoipato Citra. 



The area of the province is 4952 square miles, and the population 

 in 1851 was 752,012. The province is governed by an Intendente, or 

 viceroy, assisted by a secretary and five councillors. It is divided 

 into 5 districts, each governed by a subintendant, or lieutenant- 

 governor, who as well as the Inteudeute is appointed by the king; 

 and into 230 communes, each governed by a Siudaco, or mayor, two 

 EUetti, or aldermen, and Decurionato, or council The population is 

 essentially agricultiu^ A good number are employed as herdsmen. 

 From the fertile soil of the phuns, which is almost everywhere of 

 volcanic origin, large quantities of wheat, olives, raisios, fruits, wine, 

 oil, hemp, kc, are raised. The vine, the olive, and the mulberry, for 

 the production of silk, are leading objects of cultivation. Tlie 

 marshy regions near the coast are covered with herds of buffnloes. 

 Wine, oil, and silk are the chief articles of export. Timber is abundant 

 Qood silks are made in the royal manufactory of Santo Leucio, near 

 Caserta ; cottons and woollens at Piedimonte ; common woollen-cloth 

 at Arpino ; and there are extensive tanneries at Santa Maria di Capua. 

 There is a railway from Naples to Capua through Caserta, with a branch 

 toNoh. 



Towtu, — Caurla, the residence of the Intendente, and the seat of the 

 oivil and criminal courts, has, including the hamlets near it, a popu- 

 lation of 20,000, and is remarkable for the adjoining palace and gardens, 

 which form one of the most magnificent royal residences in Europe. 

 The two principal fronts of the palace are 7S7 feet in length, 125 feet 

 high, and contain 4 stories of 37 windows each ; the two other sides 

 are 616 feet long, and consist also of 4 stories of 27 windows each. 

 In the interior are 4 courts, and in the centre of the palace is a 

 superb staircase, crowned by a circular hall, affording communication 

 with the various suites of apartments. The richest marbles are displayed 

 in profusion, most of them being from the quarries of the kingdom. 

 The okapel is eased with panels of yellow marble, and .-ulomed with 

 pointings. The theatre is a masterpiece of art : antique columns of 

 alabaster support the roof, and divide the house into 4 C boxes, richly 

 decorated. The gardens are adorned with numerous cascades, the 

 water of which is brought by an aqueduct 21 miles iu length from 

 the neighbouring mountains. The aqueduct and palace were designed 

 by Vanvitelli for C'harlea IIL, in whose reign they were commenced, 

 in 1752. Near Caserta is the town of Catena- Vecchia, built and 

 fortified by the Lombards in the 8th c«ntury. 



Nolo, an episcopal town of great antiquity, famous for the resistance 

 it made to Hannibal, and as the deatn-place of Augustus, stands in 

 the plain to the north-east of Vesuvius. It has 1)600 inhabitants, 

 ■evenl churches and convents, and extensive barracks. A quantity 

 of ancient pottery, and a great number of the ancient coins of Nola 

 have been dug up in the neighbourhood. Chturch-bells were invented 

 by PauUnus, bishop of Nola, in the 5th century. The railway from 

 Nola joins the line to Caserta and Naples at the Cancello junction, 

 north of Acerra. 



JUaddaloni, a pretty town at the foot of the mountains, has a royal 

 college, many handsome palaces and churcheB,and 12,500 inhabitants. 



Capua and Sania Maria di Capua are noticed under C.vpua. 



Piedimonte, 18 miles N. by E. from Capua, near the site of the 

 ancient Allifa, is a modem well-built town with about 7000 inhabit- 

 ants. It rose after the destruction of Allifse by the Saracens, A-D. 866, 

 and many of the public buildings are said to be constructed with the 

 materials of the old Samnite city. The town was raised to the rank 

 of a city by the emperor Charles VI. in 1731, and is the seat of a 

 bishop. Several paper-, flour-, and fulling-mills, and copper-works are 

 driven by the water-power of a small feeder of the Voltumo, which 

 otiginatea in a torrent that issues from the ravine of Val d'Infemo, 

 near the town. This torrent and a few others in the valley are sup- 

 posed to be fed by subterranean emissaries from Lake Matese, which 

 lies a few miles north of Piedimonte. Cotton is manufactured and 

 wine and oil of high repute are raised abundantly in the vicinity. The 

 ruins of an amphitheatre and other buildings at AUfe, a small village 

 of 1*600 inhabitants, mark with precision the site of Allifffi. 



Cerreto, 13 miles S.E. from Piedimonte, in the valley of the Titcmo, 

 a tributary of the Voltumo, has 6000 inhabitants. A few miles south 

 of Cerreto, ui the plain between the Titorao and the Calore, is the 

 village of Teleso, with a small lake of the same name, which constantly 

 exhales sulphuretted hydrogen, rendering the neighbourhood extremely 

 uoheallhy. 



At a short distance westward from the junction of the Calore with 



the Voltumo is Cajazzo, which stands ou the site of the ancient 

 Calatia, the walls of the modern town standing on the foundation of 

 the ancient ones, and constructed with the massive blocks of the 

 ancient walls : popiilatiou, 4000. 



Seven miles N.W. from Capua, on the road to Teano, and ia the 

 plain between the Savone and the Voltumo, is Calvi, a hamlet of 

 about a dozen houses, built round a small ruined feudal castle. This 

 place marks the site of the ancient Cales, the ruins of which cumber 

 the ground for miles. The situation is extremely beautiful, but very 

 unwholesome. Cales was celebrated for its wines. 



Five miles farther N.W. is Teano, the ancient Teanum, capital of 

 the Sidicini, which has a population of 8000, including the neighbour- 

 ing hamlets. The town is beautifully situated on the southern slope 

 of the Kocca Monfina, a quiescent volcanic region nine miles iu cir- 

 cumference, and is approached by a terrace which commands fine views 

 of the country. It is the residence of the bishop of Teano and Calvi. 

 The streets are narrow. The most remarkable objects are the ruins 

 of a theatre and an amphitheatre, the Roman inscriptions in the walls 

 of the churches, and the massive remains of a baronial castle built by 

 the Duke of Sessa in the 15th century. In front of the cathedral are 

 two sphinxes of red granite, and within the building are a sarcophagus 

 and many ancient columns. On the edge of the principal crater of 

 Rocca Monfina district are remains of the walls of the ancient city of 

 the Aurunci, which they were compelled to abandon iu their war with 

 the Sidicini in the 4th century before Christ. 



Suaea Aurunca, the later capital of the Aurunci, was ou the western 

 side of the Massic Hills, on a email feeder of the Liris. Its site is 

 marked by Sasa, a considerable town, which with the neighbouring 

 hamlets has a population of 16,300. The town is built ou a mass of 

 volcanic tufa which covers a more ancient city, and lava-streams may 

 be traced up to the extinct crater of Rocca Monfina. There is an 

 ancient bridge at Sessa, besides an amphitheatre, iucriptions, and other 

 antiquities in the town. The town is ill built, but contains a fine 

 cathedral, five other parish churches, and several monasteries. The 

 Hassic Hills terminate on the coast near Mcmdragone, a village of 2350 

 inhabitants, which marks the site of the ancient Sinuaaa. 



Northward from the remarkable peak called Rocca di Mondragoue 

 the coast is flat, and in many parts marshy and unhealthy. Beyoud 

 the Oarigliano, which is crossed by a fine suspension-bridge ou 

 the coast-road to Qacta, some ancient ruins mark the site of Min- 

 luma, celebrated in the history of Marius ; and nearer Qaiita waa 

 FonnicB (not far from Mola di Gaeta), the bu-thplace of Vitruvius, 

 near which was Cicero's Formian villa. [QAftrA.] 



Six miles N.W. from Qaiita is Itri, a small town of 4500 inhabitants, 

 picturesquely situated on a hill, which is crowned by a ruined castle. 

 Some Italian writers suppose Itri to occujiy the site of Urhs Marmur- 

 rarum, mentioned in Horace (' Sat,' i. 5). Itri is the birthplace of 

 the atrocious Hichele Fezza (' Fra Diavolo'), a leader of banditti in the 

 pay of England and Naples during the revolutionary war with France. 

 There are some ancient polygonal walls on the outskirts of the towa. 

 South of Itri, near the coast, and at the foot of Monte Migliorano, 

 is Sperlunja, a small place built on the site of Spelunca, a villa of 

 Tiberius. 



Six miles N.W. from Itri, on the road to Terracina, and near the 

 frontier of the States of the Church, is Fondi, a poor miserable town 

 of about 5500 inhabitants. It occupies the site of the ancient Fundi, 

 a city of Latium, of which there are still some remains : these include 

 an ancient gateway, the lower part of which is of polygonal masonry, 

 the upper part is built in the Roman style ; numerous fragments of 

 ancient buildings scattered over the site, or built into the walls of the 

 castle, cathedral, &c., of the modern town ; and some remains of 

 Cyclopean walls. The Appian Way traverses the piincipal street of 

 the town, the ancient pavement remaining almost entire. The cell of 

 St Thomas Aquinas is shown iu the Dominican convent. In the 

 marshy plain betwecu Fondi and the sea is the Lacue Fundanu», a 

 considerable lake, now called Lago di Fondi. The hills about Fondi 

 have been celebi-ated in all ages for their vineyards, which produced 

 the Csccuban wine so famous among the Romans. In the 16th 

 century Fondi was in possession of the family of Colouua, to whom it 

 was given by Ferdinand of Aragon. The town was sacked and 

 pillaged by Khair Eddin Barbarossa in 1534, and again by the Turks in 

 1594. Both Itri and Fondi have obtained a bad eminence as nests of 

 bandit". 



In the north of the department, on the right bank of the Liri, and 

 near the frontier of the Abruzzo, is Sora, built at the foot of an 

 isolated hill, which is crowned by the ruins of ancient walls and of 

 an old gothic castle. The Liri, emerging from a narrow glen, bends 

 sharply round the city, changing its direction from south-east to 

 south-west The town is well buUt, the houses are large, the streets 

 wide and well paved, and the populatiou, apparently well-to-do, 

 numbers about 7000. Sora retains its ancient name ; it was one of the 

 refractory colonies during the second Punic war. It was re-colonised 

 by Augustus. On the hill above it stood the ancient citadel, of which 

 there remain some cyclopean walls; the gothic castle was the strong- 

 hold of the Piccolomiui and some other powerful families. Sora 

 gives title to a bishop, and has several churches. It is the birthplace 

 of Cardinal Baronius. 



At a little distance south of Sora the Fibreno, the ancient Fibrcnus, 



