﻿4B9 



LEINSTER. 



LEIPZIG. 



490 



a small feeder of the Mayn : population about 3000. It has some 

 manufactures, a new palace, with fine gardens, and a very handsome 

 church. The religion of this branch is Lutheran. There are four 

 other branches of the bouse of Leiningen, two Lutheran and two 

 Koman Catholic. 



LEINSTER, one of the four provinces of Ireland, extends from 

 52° 6' to 54° 7' N. lat., 6° to 8° 3' W. long., including the eastern half 

 of the central and south-eastern parts of Ireland. 



Leinster possesses greater advantages than the other provinces in 

 point of soil and surface, being little incumbered with mountains, and 

 having consequently superior facilities for Internal communication. 

 The navigable Shannon forms part of its western boundary, and the 

 navigable Barrow intersects its central and southern counties. The 

 lioyne also, the basin of which lies within its north-eastern limits, is 

 partly navigable, and the Grand and Royal canals traverse it from east 

 to west. The coast is inferior in point of natural harbours to that of 

 the remainder of the island, bat it is more sheltered from the pre- 

 valent winds. 



Upon the conquest of Ireland by the English in 1170 the present 

 province was divided into the two petty kingdoms of Meath and 

 Leinster, and embraced also a part of the then kingdom of Ulster, 

 in the present county of Louth. The first counties erected were those 

 of Dublin, including the present county of Wicklow ; Meath, including 

 the present counties of West Meath and Longford ; Louth ; Kildare, 

 including the present King's and Queen's counties ; Carlow, Kilkenny, 

 and Wexford. Meath was divided into Meath and West Meath in the 

 reign of Henry VIII. ; King's and Queen's counties were separated 

 from Kildare and erected into separate counties in the reign of Mary ; 

 I.«ngford was made shire-ground in the time of Elizabeth; and Wicklow 

 was made a county in the reign of James I. 



The area of the respective counties, and of the three chief towns 

 in the province, vrith the population of each at the four decennial 

 periods of 1821, 1831, 1841, and 1851, are given iu the article Ihelakd, 

 coL 298. 



LEINTWARDINE. [HEnEFOBDsniBE.] 



LEIPZIG, a circle or province in the north-west of the kingdom of 

 Saxony, is bounded W. and N. by Prussia, E. by the circle of Dresden, 

 and S. by the circle of Zwickau and the principality of Saxe-Altenburg. 

 Its area is 1326 square miles, and the population in 1852 amounted to 

 446,826. The circle belongs to the basin of the Elbe. The western 

 part of it is drained by the White Elster, which receives the Pleiase 

 and the Partha ; the eastern districts are watered by the Mulda, which 

 is here formed by two head-streams, both called Mulda, which rise in 

 the Erzgebirge and flow past Zwickau and Freiberg respectively. 

 There are a few small lakes. The soil is fertile in com and pasture ; 

 tobacco is grown extensively. The country is level, except in the 

 south and south-east, where there are some offsets of the Erzgebirge. 

 The land is generally well cultivated ; the country is deficient iu 

 wood, which is procured fi-om the Erzgebirge and the circle of Voigt- 

 land. There are no metals, but there are fullers' eai-th and potters' 

 clay, limestone, marble, porphyry, jasper, and great quantities of peat. 

 There is a very good breed of sheep, of which the circle poasesaes a 

 large number. 



This is not one of the manufacturing circles of Saxony : there are 

 however flourishing manufactures of woollens, cotton, linen, and 

 pottery in all the towns ; but in the villages, which are above 1000 in 

 number, all hands, generally speaking, are required for agricultura 

 The climate is temperate and healthy. 



Leipzig, the capital of the province, forms the subject of the next 

 article. [Leii^iu.] The other towns are small. Among them we name 

 the following, with the population in round numbers : — Orimma, a 

 walled town on the Mulda, here crossed by a stone bridge, 5100; 

 Dobdn, on an island in the Mulda, 6000 ; Leitznig, a walled town 

 defended by a castle, on the Freiberg Mulda, 4800 ; Rochlitt, on the 

 Zwickau Mulda, 4100; Qeitkayn, west of Rochlitz, 4800; Mitweyda, 

 on the Zachopau, a feeder of the Freiberg Mulda, 6300 ; CMitz, on 

 the Zwickau Mulda, 3000; Soma, on the Wyhra, a feeder of the 

 Pleisse, 3800; Pegau, on the White Elster, 3500; Wurzen on the 

 Mulda, here crossed by three bridges, 4100; and Miigeln on the 

 DiillnitK, a small feeder of the Elbe, about 2200. 



Most of these towns have manufactures of broadcloth, cotton, linen, 

 beer, Ac The province is traversed by several railroads which connect 

 Leipzig with all parts of Germany. One line proceeds from Leipzig 

 southward through Boma to Augsburg and Munich ; another south- 

 east to £)readen, Prag, and Vienna, with a branch from the Kiesa 

 junction through Dobeln to Chemnitz ; and a third line northward 

 to Magdeburg and Berlin. 



LEIPZIG, the canital of the province of Leipzig, and the second 

 city in the kingdom of Saxony, is situated iu 51° 20' 16" N. lat., 

 12° 21' 45" E. long., 72 miles W.N.W. from Dresden, in an extensive 

 plaiA watered by the Pleisse, into which the White Elster, the Parde, 

 and the Luppe flow. The swamps that formerly existed iu this plain 

 have been filled and drained, and it is now extremely fertile and healthy, 

 and covered with flourishing villages. The town, including its four 

 suburbs, is nearly a mile in length from north to south, parallel to 

 the oonrae of the Pleisse, and three-quarters of a mile in breadth. It 

 contained in 1852 a population of 66,682. It was formerly well 

 foitifled, but the ramparts have been converted into public walks, and 



pai-tly laid out aa gardens. The only remaining part of the fortifica- 

 tions is the castle, called the Pleissenburg, upon which the observatory 

 now stands. 



Leipzig is irregularly built ; the streets are generally narrow, though 

 well paved and lighted, but it contains many very handsome parts, 

 numerous elegant public buildings, private houses resembling palaces, 

 and many seats, with fine gardens, iu the suburbs. The most remarkable 

 edifices are St. Thomas's church ; St. Nicholas's, a venerable and magni- 

 ficent building, adorned with paintings; St. Paul's, or the University 

 church ; St. John's, in which is the marble monument of Gellert ; the 

 theatre ; the town-hall, built in 1599 ; the cloth-hall ; the Pleissenburg, 

 with the observatory, which is furnished with excellent instruments, and 

 stands in 51° 20' 19' N. lat, 30° 1' 52" E. long, of Ferro, 10° 1'45" B. 

 of Paris ; and the Konigshaus, or King's House, near the town-hall on 

 the great market square. In this house Napoleon I. lodged during the 

 battle of Leipzig, and Field-Marshal Schwarzeuberg, who then com- 

 manded the allies, died in it in 1820. The great building called Auer- 

 bach's House is in the time of the fairs a kind of bazaar, where the 

 finest and most costly articles are exposed for sale. There are numerous 

 excellent schools and academies, and many literary and learned societies, 

 a deaf and dumb institution, an academy of paiuting and architecture, 

 many museums, several picture galleries, a public library containing 

 120,000 volumes and 2000 manuscripts ; and several charitable insti- 

 tutions. Besides its great publishing and printing establishments, 

 noticed in a subsequent part of this article, Leipzig possesses large 

 type-foundries, oil-mills, paper-mills, and manufactories of "musical, 

 optical, and mathematical instruments, bronzed ware, hats, leather, 

 axid hardware. Leipzig though comparatively small, has become one 

 of the most important cities in Europe, owing to its university, its 

 fairs, and its book-trade. 



The University was founded in 1409 by the Elector Frederick on 

 the model of the universities of Prague and Paris. The 4th of Decem- 

 ber, 1409, is considered as the date of the foundation, and the Bull of 

 Alexander VI. confirming it is of the same year. The establishment 

 is richly endowed. There are four faculties — Protestant theology, 

 law, medicine, and philosophy ; — 94 professors and teachers ; the 

 number of students in 1850 was 846. Connected with the university 

 ai-e a philological seminary, a clinical institution, a school of midwifery, 

 a botanic garden, a chemical laboratory, an ophthalmic institution, &c. 

 The library of the university contains 80,000 printed volumes, and 

 2000 manuscripts ; it is particularly rich in works on philology, 

 medicine, and divinity. A great ornament of the university is the 

 Augusteum, erected in memory of King Frederick Augustus, and 

 opened in 1835. It is a very fine building, 300 feet in length and 

 three stories in height, and contains a great hall, lecture-rooms, and 

 a[jartmenta for the library and the collections of natural history. 

 Besides the university Leipzig possesses ' two gymnasia for superior 

 instruction, the Thomasschule with 213 pupils in 1850, and the 

 Micholaischule with 150 pupils. 



The origin of Leipzig was the Slavonian village in the angle between 

 the Parde and the Pleisse, which is said to have received its name from 

 the lime-trees growing about it, which are called in Slavonian Lip, 

 Lipa, or Lipsk. It is not spoken of as a fortified town till the 12th 

 century, when Margrave Otbo the Rich granted it a license to hold 

 two fairs at Easter and Michaelmas. At that time the number of the 

 inhabitants was between 5000 and 6000. Otho's son Dietrich designed 

 to curb the mutinous spirit of the citizens by erecting in 1218 three 

 castles, of which ouly the Pleissenburg still exists, but in a very 

 different form. The first fair at New Year was proclaimed in 1458, 

 and the three fairs were confirmed by the emperor in 1507. These 

 fairs laid the foundation of the prosperity and wealth of Leipzig. The 

 concourse of merchants fi^m various countries is very great. The 

 value of the goods sold at the Easter Fair is estimated by Mr. Mac- 

 gregor, in his ' Commercial Statistics,' at upwards of 3,000,000/. 

 sterling. The goods sold at these fairs comprise the products and 

 manufactures of Saxony and the States of the Zollverein^broad- 

 cloths, merinoes, calicoes, printed cottons, damasks, hosiery, hard- and 

 glass-wares, wool, books, paper, leather, &c. ; the cotton manufactures, 

 thread and yams, woollens, and hardwares of England ; the shawls, 

 silks, lace, jewellery, and watches of France ; the toys of Numberg ; 

 the glue, furs, bristles, and cautharides of Russia ; the plated goodn, 

 glass, fine broadcloths, shawls, and embroidered goods of Austria; 

 and the clockwork, embroidery, and printed cottons of Switzerland. 

 Merchants from nearly every country iu Europe, Americans, Arme- 

 nians, Persians, Turks, and occasionally Australians, attend these 

 Leipzig fairs. 



The singular concentration of the German book-trade in Leipzig has 

 been a main cause of the celebrity and wealth of that city. The first 

 catalogue appeared in the 16th century. The number of new works 

 announced has gradually increased. It was nut till 1816 that above 

 3000 new works appeared in Germany ; since then the number 

 annually published has more than doubled. The peculiar feature iu 

 the German book-trade is, that every publisher has his commissioner 

 at Leipzig to whom he sends prospectuses and specimens of his new 

 publications, which the commissioner distributes and makes known. 

 At the Easter Fair booksellers from all Germany, Sweden, Denmark, 

 the Russian Baltic provinces (where the German language is spoken), 

 from the Netherlands, and even Franco and England, to the number 



