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LICHTENBERG. 



LIEGE. 



S16 



Edward VI., which has an income of nearly lOOZ. a year, with nine 

 exhibitions, tenable for three years, and had 2S scholars in 1853 ; 

 several National schools ; an hospital for the aged widows or unman-ied 

 daughters of clergymen ; a savings bank, and other benevolent insti- 

 tutions. In the town are extensive carpet manufactories and breweries. 

 The market days are Tuesday and Friday. Fairs are held on January 

 10th, Shrove-Tuesday, Ash-Wednesday, and the first Tuesday in 

 November. There are seven incorporated trade companies. The Grand 

 Junction Canal passes Lichfield on the south. 



The diocese of Lichfield comprises the three archdeaconries of 

 Stafford, Derby, and Salop, including parts of Staffordshire, Derby- 

 shire, Warwickshire, and Shropshire. Besides the archdeacons the 

 chapter includes a dean, 4 canons, 19 prebendaries, a chancellor, and 

 5 minor canons. The income of the bishop is fixed at 4500t a year. 

 The livings are 491. The episcopal palace adjoins the cathedral in 

 the precinct of the Cathedral Close. 



LICHTENBERG, a principality situated between the Bavarian 

 circle of the Rhine, the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, and 

 two isolated districts belonging to Oldenburg and Hesse-Homburg, 

 has an area of 236 square miles. The old lordship of Baumholder 

 was ceded in 1816 by Prussia to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, who 

 gave it the rank of a principality, calling it Lichtenberg after an 

 ancient castle. The duke ceded the principality, with all the rights 

 of sovereignty, to Prussia in 1834. The territory of the principiity 

 is mountainous, being covered by the western offsets of the Wasgau, 

 which are furrowed by the narrow valleys of the Nahe and the Blies. 

 It now forms part of the government of Treves. Its chief town, 

 Wendel, situated on the Blies, a feeder of the Saar, has about 2600 

 inhabitants. Baumholder, a village of about 1000 inhabitants, lies 

 N.E. of Wendel. Iron, copper, and some valuable stones are found in 

 the principality. 



LIDFORD. [Devonshikk.] 



LIECHTENSTEIN, a sovereign principality, the smallest of all the 

 states composing the (jerman Confederation, consists of the counties 

 of Schelleuberg and Vaduz, and is situated between Switzerland and 

 the Tyrol, on the northern slope of the Rhsetian Alps. It is bounded 

 N. and E. by the Tyrol, S. by the canton of Grisons, and W. by the 

 Rhine, which separates it from the canton of St. OalL Its area is 

 only 52 square miles, with a population of 6351, all Roman Catholics. 

 The country is very mountainous ; but it produces com, flax, wine, 

 fruit, and timber, suCBcient for the consumption of the inhabitants, 

 who have also a good breed of homed cattle. Liechtenstein, together 

 with several other small German states, forms the fifteenth member of 

 the diet, but in the full council each of them has a vote of its own. 

 Its contingent to the army of the Confederation is 55 men. 



The principal place in the principality is Vaduz, a village of 1700 

 inhabitants, situated on the right bank of the Rhine. Above it is the 

 castle of Liechtenstein, built on a lofty rock. 



Though the prince of Liechtenstein, as a sovereign, has a smaller 

 territory than any other of the German princes, he possesses in the 

 Austrian empire mediatised principalities and lordships of great extent, 

 which comprise the principalities of Troppku and Jagemdorf in Upper 

 Silesia, and vast estates in Horavia, making together an area of 2200 

 sqtiare miles, with a population of 360,000, and yielding to the prince 

 an annual revenue of 1,500,000 florins. The house of Liechtenstein 

 is one of the most ancient and illustrious in Europe ; it is believed to 

 have a common origin with the house of Este. 



LIEGE, a province of Belgium, is bounded N. by Limburg, E. by 

 Rhenish-Prussia, S. by Luxemburg, and W. by Namnr and South 

 Brabant. Its area is 1115 square miles, and the population on 

 January 1, 1849, numbered 460,663, the great majority of whom are 

 Walloons. The smaller and northern portion is hilly and undulating; 

 the southern is mountainous. The Ardennes cover a great part of the 

 south of the province. The soil differs much in quality. On the west 

 side of the Haas, and on the east side towards Limburg, the plains, 

 valleys, and low hills are fertile and well cultivated ; on the east side 

 of the Mass, where it is joined by the Ourthe, especially towards 

 Loxemburg, the soil is rocky and stony. In this part of the province 

 there are extensive forests. The principal river is the Maas, which 

 comes from Namur, and forms at first the boundary between the two 

 provinces. After receiving the Ourthe it flovrs between high, steep, 

 and often perpendicular rocks to Li^ge, where it becomes broader, 

 and enters the province of Limburg. The Ourthe is joined on the 

 right bank by the Amblive, which rises in the Eifel, and passes 

 Halmedy ; and near its mouth by the Vesdre, which also rises in the 

 Eifel, and runs west through a pretty valley past Eupen, Limburg, and 

 VenrieiB. The climate is healthy and temperate, though somewhat 

 damp ; in the southern parts the air is keener and the winter longer 

 than in the north. The country produces hops, com, and a little wiue ; 

 the pastures are good, and maintain great numbers of homed cattle 

 .and sheep. The mineral wealth of the country is considerable ; there 

 are mines of calamine, alum, lead, and iron ore ; but more important 

 than all these together are the numerous coal-mines of the province. 

 Of the mineral waters those of Spa are the most celebrated. The 

 manufactures, which are very important, consist of all kinds of 

 steam-machinery for railroads and factories, mill-castings, fine woollens, 

 merinoes, linen, cotton-stuffs, cutlery, surgical instnunents, fire-arms, 

 gUas, hardwaiv, &c. There are zinc and calamine works of con- 



siderable magnitude near Huy, and at other places in the valley 

 of the Maas. The province is crossed by the LiJge-Namur railroad, 

 and by the line from Ostend to Cologne. The number of steam-engines 

 of different kinds in the province for manufacturing, mining, and 

 locomotive purposes exceeds 500. 



The province of Lifege was formerly a bishopric belonging to the 

 circle of Westphalia ; the bishop, who was suffragan of the archbishop 

 of Cologne, was a prince of the empire, and had also the title of Duke 

 of Bouillon. The French however took possession of the province in 

 1789, and retained the country till the overthrow of Napoleon I., after 

 which it was united with the kingdom of the Netherlands : from this 

 it was severed by the revolution of 1830. [Beloium.] 



Towns. — The capital is Li£ge. OIom, a small place of 2000 in- 

 habitants, N. of Lifege, is the centre of a great straw-iiat manufacture, 

 which gives occupation to upwards of 6000 people. Hersial, or Heriatal, 

 on the left bank of the Maas, has important coal-mines, iron- and steel- 

 works, iron-foundries, and 6000 inhabitants. The village extends 

 nearly 3 miles along the river towards Li^ge. Pepin le Gros took 

 the name of D'Heristal from having resided here. Heme, a few 

 miles E. of Li&ge, has 3500 inhabitants, who manufacture woollen- 

 cloth, stockings, and shoes, and trade in cheese and butter, ffui/, 

 situated in a narrow valley, hemmed in by lofty rocks, on the Maas, 

 here crossed by an ancient stone bridge, is strongly fortified and further 

 defended by a formidable citadel, which commands the valley of the Maas. 

 This town is admired for its romantic situation. It has an interesting 

 cathedral and town-hall. The collegiate church of Notre Dame, 

 situated below the citadel, is a graceful gothic structure, which dates 

 from A.D. 1311, and is approached by a gateway adorned with sculp- 

 tures in relief, representing incidents in the life of the Blessed Virgin. 

 The grave of Peter the Hermit, who died a.d. 1115, is still shown on 

 the site of the old church of tie monastery of Neufmoustier, in one 

 of the suburbs of the town. The population is 8000. Beer, spirits, 

 paper, leather, linen, and cast-iron are manufactured. Limbwrg, 

 formerly a strongly fortified town and capital of the old duchy of 

 Limburg. It is now little better than a heap of ruins : the French 

 demolished its outworks in 1675, and various calamities of war and 

 fire have since completed its destruction. The population of the town 

 hardly exceeds 1500. Its suburb, Dolkain, or Dalhem, is now a much 

 more important place ; it baa about 3000 inhabitants, is a station on 

 the railway from Lidge to Aix-la-Chapelle, 6 miles E. from Verviers, 

 16 miles N.E. &om Li6ge, and has manufactures of fine linen and 

 woollen-cloth. Seraing, S. of Lifege, on the Maas, has coal-mines, 

 important iron-foundries, and glass-works: population 3460. A 

 suspension-bridge over the Maas connects the town with Jemeppe. 

 The iron-works established here by the late Mr. John Cockerill form 

 a vast mass of buildings, comprising 4 blast- and 15 puddling-furuaces, 

 rolling-mills, and forges, where iron is worked into articles of all sorts, 

 from penknives to steam-engines. Iron and coal are got from mines 

 within the walls. The buildings are surmounted by about 50 tall chim- 

 neys. The establishment is now worked by a Belgian company, and 

 employs between 3000 and 4000 men in addition to several steam-engines. 

 Spa, a well-built little town, famous for its mineral-springs and baths, 

 is situated in a pretty valley among the Ardennes Mountains, in the 

 south-east of the province. The heights around it are covered with 

 plantations, and laid out in delightful walks, which present at several 

 points prospects of great beauty. The principal spring, called Poubon, 

 is situated in the town ; six others are in the environs. The ordinary 

 population of the town is about 4000, who live chiefly by the profits 

 derived from visitors to the waters. The bath-buildings, the several 

 pumi>-rooms, and the Redoute (a handsome building, which includes 

 a caf^, theatre, gambling-rooms, &c.) are the most interesting structures 

 in Spa. The Spa springs are chalybeate ; they are chiefly recommended 

 in cases of relaxation ot the bowels and obstruction of the liver. About 

 150,000 bottles are annually exported from the Pouhon spring, which 

 is the strongest. Spa is famous also for the manufacture of elegant 

 wooden toys, work-boxes, writing-desks, &c. The mountains near the 

 town contain many beautiful and extensive grottoes. Theux, S.E. of 

 Lifege, on the left bank of the Hoegne, a feeder of the Vesdre, which 

 rises to the south of Spa in the Ardennes, has black marble-quarries, 

 woollen-yam factories, iron-works, and 4370 inhabitants. Near Theux 

 is the old castle of Franchimont, celebrated by Sir Walter Scott, 

 Yerviera, a flourishing manufacturing town of 27,000 inhabitants, is 

 situated on the Vesdre, about 20 miles by railway E. from Liige. It 

 is irregularly built, but some of the suburbs are pretty. The town- 

 house, theatre, the new church, the railway station, and the college are 

 the most remarkable public structures of the town. Verviers is famous 

 for the manufacture of fine and ordinary woollen-cloths and cassimirs, 

 giving employment to 40,000 hands in the town and neighbourhood ; 

 the Belgian army is clothed principally from the looms of Verviere, 

 the total produce of which is estimated at l,000,000i. sterling 

 annually. Flannels, serges, tickings, coverlets, mouselines-de-laiue, 

 merino, &c., are also manufiwrturei The dyes of Verviers are said 

 not to be surpassed in Europe. There are also establishments for the 

 manutacture of steam-maohinery, ironmongery, soap, beer, Ac. 



LIEGE {Luttich, Luik), the capital of the Belgian province of 

 Li^ge, is situated in a valley below the junction of the Ourthe with 

 the Maas, in 60° 39' N. lat., 6° 31' E. long., at a distance by railway 

 of 684 >nilw S.K, from Malines, 85 miles N.E. from Namur, and has 



