﻿HI 



LIKONITZ. 



LIOmilA. 



ill 



T8>600 inhabiUoU. Tb* eitj U th* aaat of a biahop, and of the 

 Nprane court of juatioe for tM proriaoaa of Liig«, Limburg, Namur, 

 and LuxambourK- The Maaa, oo aDtaing tha city, diridea into aereral 

 brancht* whiob form ialanda, bctdarad by bandaome quays and oon- 

 naetad br 17 bridga^ Liig* b diridad into tho old and the new town, 

 ■ad haa baridaa 10 nbiirfaa. Moat of tba strMta are rery narrow, dark, 

 in eonaaqoaiioa of tba boigbt of the booaa^ and not dean. There 

 are however a few broad atreeta, aome good aqoarea, and promenadea. 

 The city waa formerly fortified, but at present it ia defended only by 

 a cititdd, arerted on St-Walburg's Mount on the north aide of the 

 town, and by a Kreat outwork on the west side. The most remarkable 

 buildings are — Uie cathedral, built in the 8th oentury, the court-house, 

 the town-hall, the theatre, the uniTersity, which was founded in 1817, 

 and the ehuroh of St-Jaoquea, the fineat eocleaiastioal edifice in the 

 city, lately repaired and magnificently decorated at the public expense. 

 There are a gymnasium, a bank, and numerous learned, charitable, 

 and useful institutions. The axtenaiTe cosl-minea near the town ; its 

 numerous iron-works, royal cannon-foundry, and establishments for 

 the maaufseturs of fire-arms, hardware, broadcloth, glass, and leather ; 

 tta aogiDe-fisotoriaa. sine rolling-inilla,and naileries; its linen aud cotton 

 faatonea, steel-works, and breweries ; together with a flouriahing com- 

 merce in colonial produce and manufactured goods, render it one of 

 the moat important towns in Belgium, and one of the most industrial 

 ceot r e a in Europe. The staple manufacture is that of fire-arms. The 

 town owes its prosperity to the valuable coal-mines near and under 

 tha town. 



LIEONITZ, one of the three governments into which Silesia ia divided, 

 oompriaea tha most north-westerly part of that province, and that 

 part of Upper Lausitz which is now part of Prussia. It is bounded 

 N. by the governments of Frankfurt and Poaen, E. by those of Posen 

 and Brealau, S. by Bohemia, from which it is separated by the crest 

 of the Riesen-gebirge, aud W. by the kingdom of Saxony. Its area 

 is S300 square miles, and the population at the end of 1849 was 

 921 ,002. The surface, high, ragged, and mountainous, in the south, 

 slopes down northward into the great plain of the Oder, which river 

 traverses the government from south-east to north-west, and forms 

 part of the northern boundary. The principal feeders of the Oder in 

 the government are the Katzbach, the Bober (which recetvea the 

 Zack, the Queiss, and many other streams), the Neisse, which drains 

 the west of the province, consisting of part of Upper Lausitz, and the 

 Bartach, which risea in Poaen and joins the Oder on the right bank 

 above Ologau. A small portion of the province to the west of 

 Onrlitz belongs to the basin of the Spree, which river forms part of 

 the western boundary. There are many small lakes in the south and 

 west of the province. 



The climate is tolerably mild. The soil is generally sandy and in 

 the valleys very fertile, but there are few districts which produce com 

 enough for the consumption. The vine is cultivated in the valleys. 

 Forests everywhere abound and timber forms an important article of 

 export. The pastures are extensive, and large numbers of homed 

 cattle and sheep are reared. Linen aud woollen stufb are the chief 

 industrial products. [Silesia.] 



Liegnitz, the capital of the government, situated in 51° 12' 30" 

 K. laL, 16° 12' 15' E. long., at the confiux of the Schwarzwasser and 

 the Katzbach, 180 miles by railway S.E. from Berlin, has a popu- 

 lation of about 12,000. The inner town is surrounded with a moat 

 and earthen rampart, which is laid out in public gardens with fine 

 avenuee of trees ; it is entered by four gates. The old palace of the 

 princes of Liegnitz is in the town, and is surrounded by a separate 

 moat and high wall. There are 4 churches, of which that of St Peter 

 and St. Fkul has a large library, and that of St. John contains the 

 magnificent chapel where the old princes of Liegnitz and Brieg were 

 interred. Among the public institutions are a gymnasium, with 18 

 pr of ass o ra, and 270 pupils in 1850, the Kitter Academy, a magnificent 

 DuOding, founded in 1708 by the emperor Joseph L, for the sons of 

 Sileaiaa gentlemen, and remodelled in 1810 for the educatiou of 

 children of the upper classes of sodety. It has a good library, 

 mathematical and other instruments, collections of natural history, 

 &ci, and considerable revenues. Liegnits haa manufactures of woollen 

 dotba, linen, cotton, silk-stockings, tobaooo, starch, beer, &0. In the 

 ■uburba and environs great quantities of fniit and vegetables are 

 nown._ Liegnitz haa a theatre, an orphan asylum, and two hospitals. 

 rradarick IL defeated the Austrians under Marshal Laudon between 

 this town and ParchwiU (a few milea to the north-east) in 1760. In 

 tba vicinity ia Wahlstett, where the celebrated battle with the Mongol 

 Tartars waa fought in 1241, in which Frederick, duke of Liegmts, 

 lost bis life ; and between Uiis place and Eicfaholz on the Katzbach, 

 BMebsr, togetber with tba Rnaaans, defeated the French under Hac- 

 dooald and Ner in 1818, whence he obtained the UUe of Prince 

 BUiflharof WahlsUtt. 



aSrUlt, a well-built fortified town, is situated on the left bank of 

 4w Kajaas, 60 miles by railway E. from Dresden, and has a popula- 

 «iM of 18,670, who ara sogaged in the manufacture of woollen-cloth, 

 Bnen, boaiaiy, leather, abeeting, linen-yam, hardware^ and musioal 

 instmmsnta. Tba town haa alao a considerable tranait-trade. It con- 

 tains 8 ebnrobea, a dtadel, a town-ball, a gymnasium, 8 libraries, an 

 otpban asylum, 4 hospitals, snd a bouse of correction. 



Olcgam, a atrong fortrea^ on the left bank of the Oder, is situated 



in 51° 88' N. Ut., 16* 7' E. long., 60 miles by railway E. from the 

 Hanadorf station on the Berlin-Brealau line, and has 12,000 in- 

 habitanta. An island in the Oder is strongly fortified and connected 

 with the town by a wooden bridga. The town has 1 1 churches, a 

 synagogue, 2 hospitals, a Catholic gymnaaium with IS professon and 

 368 pupils (in 1850) ; a Protestant gymnasium with 11 professota 

 and 117 pupils; and manufactures of woollens, printed oaliooea, 

 boaiary, tobaooo, ko. 



Bmulau is the subject of a separata artiola. [BimxLAC.] 



Among tba other towns we can only briefly notice the following : — 



Goldberg, aitnated on an eminence on the banks of the Katzbaob, 

 has double walla and four gates ; a population of 7500; manufacturea 

 of broaddoth, hoaiery, and gloves; and a high school, in which tha 

 celebrated Wallenatein was educated. OrMberg, a walled town with 

 three gatea, about 10,000 inhabitanta, flouriahing manufactures of 

 woollen cloths, printed cottons, and leather, is situated near tba 

 northern boundary of the government. Jlinchberg, S.W. of Goldberg, 

 is the centre of a great linen manufaotnre, and has about 8000 inhabit- 

 ants. The town stands on the left bank of the Bober ; it is walled, 

 and has five churches, a gymnasium, cotton-printing factories, paper- 

 mills, sugar-refineriea, and potteries. Jauer, or Jaueriack, stands S, 

 of Li^nitz, on the mountain river Keisse, a feeder of the Katzbach. 

 It is a well-built town, surrounded by a double wall and a diteh, and 

 has about 7000 inhabitants, who manufacture broaddoUi, linen, 

 hoaiery, and leather. JjauboH, on the Queias, a walled town, with four 

 gatea, baa a Proteatant gymnaaium with 9 profeason and 94 pupils 

 (in 1850), and 6000 inhabitanta, who manufacture calioo and linen. 

 Sagan, on the Bober, is a strongly-fortified town, with three gates, a 

 very fine ducal palaoe with a beautiful park, one Lutheran and five 

 Roman Catholic cburchea, and manufactures of woollen-cloth, linen, 

 stockings, lace, and looking-glasses. Then is a Catholic gymnasium, 

 with 11 professors and 228 pupils (in 1850). The population is nearly 

 7000. 



The government of Liegnitz is traversed by the Saxo-Silesias 

 r<ulway from Dresden, through Qorlit^ to the Koblfurt junction 

 on the Berlin-Breslau line, which passes through Liegnitz and 

 Bunzlau, and sends out a branch eastward through Sagan to Qlogau. 

 [Silesia.] 



LIEOU-KIEOU or LOO-CHOO ISLANDS, a group of islanda 

 situated at considerable distances from one another, between tba 

 Japanese island of Kiooaioo and the Chinese island of Formosai, 

 They lie between 24° 10' and 28° 40' N. lat, 127° and 129° E. long., 

 and are said to consist of 36 islands, of different but rather small dimen- 

 sions. The largest of them, called Great Loo-Choo, and sometimes 

 Doo-Choo by the natives, is very nearly 60 miles long in a north-east 

 direction, and preserves a tolerably uniform breadth of about 10 or 

 12 miles. The surface of these islands is mostly uneven and rugged. 

 The highest of the hills, Onnodake Mount, measured by Captain 

 Beecby, does not attain 1100 feet above the sea. They seem to be of 

 volcanic origin, but no active volcano has been observed in them. 

 The lower tracU are of great fertility, but the most elevated ar« 

 generally bare and rarely covered with wood. The fertile tracts are 

 in high cultivation, yielding sweet potatoes, millet, wheat, Indian 

 com, rice, potatoes, cabbages, barley, the sugar-cane, cotton, peas, 

 tea -shrubs, tobaooo, capaicums, cucumbers, cocoa-nute, carrots, 

 lettuces, onions, plsntains, pomegranates, and oranges. Their agri- 

 culture resembles that of the Chineae, particularly as to manuring 

 and irrigating the ground. Along the aides of the hills snd around 

 the villages the bamboo, rattan, pine, and banyan trees flourish. 

 Cattle are employed only for agricultural purposea Milk is never 

 used ; hogs, goats, and poultry, with rice and other vegetables, form 

 the food of uie inhabitants. They have no sheep nor asses ; their 

 horses are of a small slight make, and used for riding and carrying 

 loads. The climate is very mild, these islands being situated within 

 the range of the trade-winds. The inhabitants ara rather low in 

 stature, but well formed, of a deep copper colour, with uniformly 

 black hair, and dark gray eyes. Gentleness and simplicity charaoteriaa 

 them aU. Their language is similar to the Japanese. Sugar, salt, and 

 sulphur an exported to China and Japan. The principal commercial 

 town of Great Loo-Choo is Napakiaug, or Nepa Cbing, which has a 

 good and safe harbour, and is generally considered the capital of the 

 islands ; but Captain Beechy thinka that the town of Shui or Shoodi 

 is the capital and residence of the king. It is situated farther inland, 

 on a hill, and surrounded by a wall, but has never been visited by 

 Europeans. The islands are said to be nominally subject to Japan. 



LIER. [Antwkep, Province of.] 



LIFFORD. [DoNKOAL.] 



LlFFRfe. [iLLE-ET-VlLAINB.] 



LIFFY, RIVER. [Dublin; Ireland.] 



LIGUEIL. [INDRKET-LOIBB.] 



LIGU'RIA (called by the Greeks Ligystica, and the inhabitante 

 Ligyes and Ligustini), a division of ancient Italy, was separated in 

 the time of Augustus frvm Etruria by the river Maora {Moffra), and 

 was bounded K.B. by Gallia Ciaalpina, and W. by the province of 

 Gallia. The most important places in Liguria were Albium Intenn- 

 lium ( rintimiglia), a place of some importance and a municipium, 

 the capital of the bltemelii ; Albium Ingaunum (Alienga), the capital 

 of the Ingauni ; Genua or Genoa ; Dertona (Tortona), in the interior. 



