﻿LIGURIAN APENNINES. 



LIMBURG. 



a Roman colony, surnamed Julia ; Alba Pompeia {Alba) ; Asta {Atti) ; 

 and PoUentia {Polenza). 



The Ligurea in more ancient times extended as far as the Rhone in 

 France ; and they also appear to have inhabited part of Spain and 

 Corsica. The Ligurians of Italy were finally subdued by the Romans 

 B.C. ] 66. 



LIGURIAN APENNINES. [Apexnines.] 



LILLE, the capital formerly of French Flanders, now of the depart- 

 ment of Nord, is situated in 50° 3S' 44- N. lat., 3° 3' 37" E. long., at 

 a distance by railway of 170 miles E.N.E. from Paris, 51 miles S.E. 

 from Dunkirk, and iu 1851 had 68,463 inhabitants in the commune, 

 which does not include all the suburbs. It stands in a fertile and level 

 country, at the junction of the Haute-Deule and the Basse-Deule, as the 

 two cuts of the canal that unites the Scarpe and the Lys are called. 

 These two cuts are united by a third, called Moyenne-Deule, which 

 passing west of the ton-n conveys barge.? too heavily laden or too large 

 to pass through any of the numerous channels that traverse the city 

 for purposes of commerce or to drive the machinery of the numerous 

 factories. The town is well built ; the streets are regular, wide, and 

 provided with foot pavements ; the houses are in general three or four 

 stories high, and built of brick or limestone. It contains 34 squares 

 and market-i)laces, 30 bridges of all sizes, about 200 streets, a great 

 number of hmes and courts, and about 10,000 houses, besides many 

 factories and mills, which, together with a far greater number in the 

 environs, announce to the traveller by their lofty chimneys that he is 

 approaching one of the great hives of industrial activity. Lille, which 

 is entered by 7 gates, is surrounded by very strong fortifications and 

 wet ditches, and defended by a citadel said to be the masterpiece of 

 Vauban. Its shape is nearly oval, its length within the walls being 

 2500 yards, and its breadth 1278 yards. The citadel is a regular 

 pentagon of 426 yards diameter ; it is situated south-west of the town, 

 and separated from it by a wide esplanade, which crosse<l by the 

 Moyenue-Deule, and planted next the town with several avenues of 

 trees, forms a fine promenade. 



The public structures of Lille are few. The most remarkable are — 

 the churches of La-Maduleine, StMaurice, and St-Paul ; the town-hall, 

 which, built by Jean-sansPeur in 1430, was for a long time the 

 palace of the dukes of Boui^ogne ; the Hont-de-PiiSt<!, founded in 1610; 

 the Paris gate, which is a triumphal arch in honour of Louis XIV. ; 

 the genei-al hospital ; the large corn-stores at the end of the Rue 

 Royale; the theatre; the concert-room, one of the finest in France ; 

 the museum, established iu a fine old abbey, and containing the 

 public library of above 20,000 volumes, a gallery of paintings, and the 

 archives of the town ; and the Napoldon bridge across the Moyenne- 

 Deule, which unites the part of the esplanade that serves for a walking- 

 place to the part next the citadel where the troops are drilled. 



The manufactures of Lille are very important; they consist of all 

 kinds of cotton goods ; linen and linen thread, lace, blankets, and 

 other woolleu-stuBs ; paper, leather, beet-root sugar ; steam machinery 

 and iron-mongery ; gin, beer, and great quantities of oil, which is 

 expressed in 300 wind-mills near the town ; glass, soap, tape, hats, 

 carpets, chemical products, &a There are also iron- and copper- 

 foundries, dye-houses, bleaching establishments, and sugar-refineries. 

 The trade in these various products, and in colonial produce, wool, 

 hides, hops, coal, tobacco, chicory, ^c., is extensive. The town is 

 lighted with ga^, and has communications by railway and by canal 

 with all pai-ts of France anrl Belgium. 



Lille is the seat of tribuuala of first instance and of commerce, and 

 the head-quarters of the 3rd Military Division ; it has a bank, a 

 council of prud'hommes, a college, a medical school, an academy of 

 music, a school of painting, various establishments for the gratuitous 

 instruction of working manufacturers, and a great number of charitable 

 institutions. 



Lille (I'lsle) owes its origin and its name to a castle built on a spot 

 surrounded by marshes at an early period. It is first mentioned iu the 

 time of Baudouin I., count of Flanders, who had several of his enemies 

 hanged from the walls of the castle in 863. Baudouin IV. however 

 may be said to be the founder of the city ; he enlarged the place and 

 surrounded it with walls in 1030. The emperor Henry III. in his 

 invasion of Flanders in 1054 took Lille ; but it was soon recovered and 

 restored by Baudouin V., who founded the collegiate church of 

 St.-Pierre in 1060. In 1213 the city was taken after a siege of three 

 days by Philippe Auguste of France; in the same year it revolted, 

 whereupon Philippe retook it, and burut it to the ground, liebuilt 

 upon a larger scale it was besieged by Philip the Fair in 1297, to 

 whom it capitulated after 11 weeks siege. After the defeat of the 

 French at the battle of Courtrai in 1 302 the city opeuad its gates to 

 Jean de Namur, count of Flanders ; but Philip the Fair after another 

 long siege recovered it in the following year, and th-; city i-emained in 

 th« hands of the French till the time of Philippe -le-IIardi, who 

 n«t<fred it to Flanders. In 1476 it passed to the house of Austria, 

 uid twenty years afterwards it was united, together with the whole of 

 the Low Countries, to the crown of Spain. The Spaniards held 

 Lille till 1676 when it was wrested from thi>ra by Louis XIV., by 

 whose directions Vauban constnioted the fortifications and one of the 

 flnast citadels in Europe. Iu the wars of the Spanish succession the 

 dty was taken by the allies in 1708. It was finally ceded to France 

 in 1713. Lille was considerably enlarged in 1796, when the handsome 



o«oo, BIV. VOL. III. 



quarter extending between the gates of La-Barre and La-Madeleine 

 was laid out and built The most memorable siege that Lille has 

 ever sustained was that of 1792, when an Austrian army rained shell, 

 shot, and red-hot balls upon it for six days, but owing to the resistance 

 of the garrison and the townsfolk, and still more to the successes of 

 the republicans in Champagne, they were obliged to withdraw before 

 making themselves mftsters of the city. 



LILLEBONNE. [Seine-Infebieure.] 



LILLO. [ANTWERP.] 



LILYBCEUM. [Sicily.] 



LIMA, the capital of the republic of Peru in South America, is 

 situated in 12° 2' S. lat., 77° 4' W. long., about six miles from its port 

 Callao, which is on the shores of the Pacific. It contains with its 

 suburbs about 60,000 inhabitants, of whom more than a third are 

 mulattos, and nearly 10,000 Indians and mestizos. Lima stands on 

 high ground ; the road rises gradually from Callao, and the great 

 square of the capital is 560 feet above the level of the sea. Lima is 

 built iu a spacious and fertile valley traversed by a small river called 

 the Rimac, which washes the northern walls of the city. Over it there 

 is a handsome stone bridge leading to the suburbs of St. Lazaro and 

 to the alameda, or public walk. The city is surrounded with low walls. 

 It i3 about two miles in length, and from its numerous domes and 

 spires has an imposing and picturesque appearance at a little distance. 

 The city is regulai-ly laid out in square blocks of houses (quadras), 

 about 400 feet each way. The houses are low, and have rarely more 

 than one floor : they are lightly built on account of the frequent 

 earthquakes, which have repeatedly reduced the city to ruius. The 

 roofs are made of coarse linen-cloth, or cane, the total waut of rain 

 rendering more substantial roofs unnecessary. The streets are regular 

 and tolerably wide, but the pavement is extremely bad, eousisting of 

 large round stones, laid without the least regularity. There are no 

 flags for foot-passengers; and the chief or only scavengers are the 

 lurking buzzards which swarm about them : a broad channel of run- 

 ning water passes through the middle of almost every street. The 

 city occupies a nearly triangular space, the base or longest side 

 extending along the banks of the river. A fine street leads from the 

 bridge to the Plaza Mayor, or great square, in the midst of which is 

 a large fountain with a bronz'3 statue of Fame in its centre, and at its 

 angles four small basins. On the north side of the square is the 

 government palace, a large but gloomy-looking edifice, formerly occupied 

 by the viceroys, but now the court-house. On the east side of the 

 square are the cathedral, a handsome building of considerable extent, 

 and the archiepiscupal palace, now in part used as a senate-house. On 

 the west side, which faces the cathedral, is the town-hail and the city 

 prison ; the south side is occupied by private houses generally built 

 in a good style. 



Lima has 66 churohes, and before the revolutionary war there were 

 46 convents of monks and nuns ; but most of them have since been 

 abolished. It has a university, three colleges, a medical college, a 

 botanic garden, a national museum, and a public library with a con- 

 siderable collection of valuable books. Primary schools are pretty 

 numerous. There are several charitable institutious, including sixteen 

 hospitals for sick persons and two foundling hospitals. The places of 

 amusement are — a theatre, a large bull-ring, a cock-pit, &c. There 

 are also public baths and an extensive cemetery, called the Patheou, 

 outside the city. 



The manufactures are not numerous nor extensive. The principal 

 manu&ctured articles are — utensils and vessels of silver, gfcldlace, 

 gilded leather, glass, and cotton-cloth. There is a mint iu the city. 

 Gold and silver, copper-ore, chinchilla and vicugna skins and wool, 

 bark, nitre, sugar, &c., constitute the principal articles of export. 



LIMBUBG, a former province of the kin^^om of the Netherlands as 

 constituted after the overthrow of Napoleon I., was situated between 

 50° 44' and 51° 45' N. lat, 4° 57' and 6° 15' E. long., and was bounded 

 N. by North Brabant and Gelderland, E. by Rhenish Prussia, S. by 

 the province of Li6ge, and W. by those of South Brabant and Antwerp. 

 The surface of the country is generally level, being diversified only in 

 the south-east by some slight elevatious. In the adjoining province of 

 Li^ge the bauks of the Maas are lofty and precipitous ; but in the 

 province of Limburg there are elevations ouly at a distance from the 

 stream as far as Maestricht, from which place the banks are low. 



In consequence of the revolution of 1830 the province of Limburg 

 was divided between Holland and Belgium, the Maas forming the line 

 of separation between the two portions, with the exception of a small 

 circuit about the city of Maestricht on the left bank of the river, which 

 is included iu the Dutch portion. We here notice the portions 

 separately. 



Bclijian Limburg lies between 50° 44' and 51° 18' N. lat., 4° 57' and 

 6° 40' E. long., and is bounded N. by North Bmbant, E. by the duchy 

 of Limburg, from which it is separated by the Maas, S. by Lifege, and 

 W. by Antwerp and South Brabant. The area is 928 square miles, 

 and the population in 1849 was 185,621. The surface is flat, except 

 in the south, where there are a few hills. The east of the proviuoe 

 along the left bank of the Maas is fertile iu corn, hemp, flax, tobacco, 

 madder, fruits, &c. The district also between the Jaar and the Demer 

 possesses a fertile soil. The rest of the province consists of a sandy 

 soil, presenting towards the north extensive barren heaths and many 

 manhes. The posture-lands are extensive, and cattle-feeding is more 



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