﻿UXONB. 



LIKOOLX. 



LIMOSR [Cosi.] 



LIMOUSIN, or LIMOSIK, an old proTinoeof FVuioe. oow forms tbr 

 d«|iwtiiM»ti of Coixtea and Haute-Vienne. It «raa wiitcre'l by the 

 yMOiM, OM of til* faat tributarira of the Loirr, and by the Uordogne, 

 and ita tributaries the I«le and the Vetirs, all belonging to the cyitem 

 ol the Qaronn& The prorinos waa dirided into two parta l>y the 

 Veitov — Upper Limooaui, which waa to thu north-west of that river, 

 •ad had Limoges for Hs capital : and Lower Limousin, of which the 

 chief towns were BiiTSS and TuUe. Limoges was also the capital of 

 the whole prorinoe. 



This district waa anciently inhabited by the Lemorioes, a Celtic 

 people. In the divisioa of Gaul into prorinces, Limousin waa included 

 m Aqnitania. It formed part of the dominions of the Visigoths till 

 the orerthrow of Alario II. by CloWs at the battle of VoiiilltJ. It 

 waa aubseqiiently under the Roverumrnt of the dukes of Atiuituino, 

 from whom it waa taken by Pepin-l«-l)ref. It was afterwards included 

 in the great duchy of Ouienne, under which Llinoees, ita capital, became 

 tht'beadofa Tioe-couuty. It was in a quarrel wit& Ademar V, viscoilnt 

 of Limoges, that Richard L (Cocur-du-Lion), kiug of England and duke 

 of Guienne, lost bis life, being shot with an arrow as he waa besieging 

 the &iatle uf Chains in Limousin. The possession of Limousin was ' 

 subsequently disputed by the kiugs of England, as dukes of Quienne, 

 and the kiugs of France. It afterwards came by marriage into the 

 bands of the dukes of Brctagne, and later still into those of the counts 

 of Albret It was inherited by Henri IV. from his mother Jesjme 

 d'Albret, and was by him united to the French crown. 



LIMOUX. [ACDE.] 



LINARES. [Jaes.] 



LINCOLN, the comity town of Lincolnshire, a city, a county of 

 itself, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, is situated on the left bank of the river Witham, in 

 63' 1*' N. Ut, 0' 82' W. long., distant 132 mUes N. by W. from 

 London by road, and 140 miles by the Great Northern railway viik 

 Boston. The population of the borough in 1851 was 17,586. Th> 

 borungh is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of whom 

 is mayor, and returns 2 members to the Imperial Parliament. There 

 an 18 parishes ; the livings are in the archdeaconry and diocese of 

 Lincolu. Lincoln PoorLaw Union coutaina 86 parishes and townships, 

 with au area of 149,218 acres, and a pof>ulation in 1851 of 42,008. 



Lincoln was a place of considerable importance under the Romans : 

 the existing vestiges of their resideuce here are noticed under the 

 county. lu the time of the Saxons and of the Danes it was also a 

 place of consequence. At the time of the Conquest it was one of the 

 most important places in the kingdom, and the emporium of a consi- 

 derable trade. William the Conqueror ordered the erection of a 

 strong castle here in 10S6. The prosperity of the place appears to 

 hav« been further promoted in the time of Henry L by clearing out 

 the Fosse Dyke, and making it again available for naviKatiou. This 

 inland communication, with the navij^ation of the river Witham, ren- 

 dered the situation of Lincoln peculiarly favourable for commerce. 

 The town was incorporated by charter of Henry II. In the reign of 

 Stephen the empress Haud was besieged here by the king, nho took 

 the city, but the empress escaped. In 1141 Stephen besieged Lincoln, 

 but was d> featcd in au action near the town, and was taken prisoner 

 by the Earl of Gloucester, natural brother of the empress. In the 

 civil wars of the rri^n of John the town was taken by Gilbert de 

 Gaunt, one of the barons in tho interest of Louis, dauphin of France, 

 who had created him Earl of Lincoln. The castle however held out 

 for the king. After the death of John, a battle waa fought here 

 between the royalists and the adherents of the dauphin, in which the 

 latter were entirely defeated. The battle was fought June 4, 1218. 

 Lincoln sent membiers to Parliament in the reign of Henry III. John 

 of Gaunt, son of Edward III., in whose hands the cattle was for some 

 time, effected on it considerable improvements. In the civil war of 

 Charles I. the city, the cathedral, and the castle having b en occupied 

 by the Itoyalista, were stormed by the Parliamentarians under the Earl 

 of Manchester in May 1644. Of the castle little more than the gate- 

 way is now stauding. 



The city is built on tho southern slope and at the foot of a hill, on 

 the summit of which is the cathedral. The town is irregularly laid 

 out. The streets are well paved, lighted with g:ia, and supplii'd with 

 water trvm public conduits. The lighting, w^itchiii?, sewerage, &c., 

 arapruvided for by a local act of a somewhat stringent character. 



Toe most importiut of the public buildings is the Cnthedral, which 

 is one of the finest of the English cathedrals, and is advantageously 

 aitualcd on the summit of the hill ; it may be seen for many miles 

 •areas the flat country to the south-east or south-west; ths three 

 towers have at a distance a very Bn- effect. It has been erected at 

 different pcriod^ and combines various stylus, the predominant is early 

 English, of • remarkably rich and beautiful character. The uave is 

 very Una, and tho piers in thia part are jieculiarly rich ; and though 

 the side aiales are unusually narrow, the effect of the whole is excellent. 

 The western tnal, which embrncea the width of the nave and aisles 

 with the side chapela or western transepts, is partly Norman, partly 

 early English : it has two towers whose height from the ground u 

 180 feeL Tbers were formerly spires upon these, of the height of 

 101 feelt bat these were taken down more than 40 years ago ; there 

 •re still pimuMlei at the oomsn of the towen. At each aogle of the 



west front are octagonal staircase turrets crowned with pinnaelet. 

 Over the central doorway of the west front are several statues of the 

 kings of England, from the Conquest to Edward III., under decorated 

 canopies. The central or great transepts are chiefly in the eariy 

 English style. At the ends of the transepts are circular windows ; 

 that at the end of the south transept is one of tho flncst circles in the 

 eariv English style remaining. The Galilee court, or porch attaehad 

 to the west side of the south transept, and the chapels on the east 

 aisle of the same, have intricate and beautiful mouldings, and their 

 general composition is excellent. At the intersection of these tran- 

 septs with the nave and choir is the central tower, 58 feet square^ and 

 300 feet high, with piunaclea at the comers. The choir is of rich and 

 elaborate composition ; it is separated from the nave by a rich stone 

 screen. The eastern end of the choir, with the Lady Chapel, is of a 

 trannition style between the early English and decorated, of peotiliar 

 beauty and interest. It has a flne eaat window, of eight lights. ' There 

 are two tranaepts to the east of the priuci|ial trnnsepts, and there are 

 several chapels in different parta. The dimension') of the cathedral 

 are aa follows:— Exterior length within the buttresses 624 feet: 

 interior length 482 feet ; width of the cathedral 80 feet ; height of 

 the vaulting of the nave 80 feet; width of the western fruut 174 feet. 

 Exterior length of the principal transept 250 feet, interior 2i2 feet ; 

 width 66 feet. Smaller or eastern transept — length 170 feet ; width, 

 including the side chapels, 44 feet The old bell, called Tom of Lin- 

 coln, which was cast in 1610, and hung in the northernmost of the 

 west towers, became cracked in 1827, and being broken up in 1884, 

 with six other bells, was recast into the present large bell and two 

 quarter bells by Mr. Hears of London, and placed in the Rood (or 

 central) tower in 1835. The new bell is 6 feet lOJ inches in diameter 

 at the mouth, and weiglia 5 tona 8 cwt. 



On tbe north side of the cathedral are the cloisters with the chapter- 

 house. The cloisters inclose a quadrangle of 118 feet by 91 feet; 

 three sides remain in their origitul state, and are of good decorated 

 work ; over the fourth (the north) side ia a library built by Deaa 

 Honeywood in the latter part of the 17th century. The library con- 

 tains a collection of books, and some curious specimens of Roman 

 antiquities. In the inclosure of the cloisters, some feet below the 

 surface, is a handsome tesselated pavement. From the eastern side of 

 the cloisters is the entrance to the chapter-house, a lofty and elegant 

 decagon, with a groined roof supported by a central pillar. Its interior 

 diameter is 60 feet 6 inches. The cathedral contains numerous moun- 

 ments ; many others which formerly existed have been removed or 

 totally destroyed at and siuoe the time of the Reformation. The 

 dean, precentor, chancellor, and sub-dean have residences. The 

 bishop's palace was demolished during the civil wars ; the ruins are 

 on the south side of the cathedral. A modem house has been built 

 on part of the site, in which the biahop resides when at Lincoln. The 

 deanery is an ancient building : and near it is another ancient build- 

 ing, called the Works Chantry, formerly the residence of the chancellor 

 of the diocese. The vicars' college oncu formed a quadrangle, of which 

 at present there remain only four houses inhabited by tbe vicars. There 

 is an ancient gateway yet standing. 



Tho see of Lioculn was removed from Dorchester on the bank of 

 the Thames, and the seat of the bishopric was placed at Lincoln. The 

 diocese of Lincoln includes the counties of Lincoln and Nottingham, 

 and is dividt-d into tbe archdeaconries of Lincoln, Nottingham and 

 Stow. The chapter consists of three archdeacons, a dean, precentor, 

 ohancellor, sub-dean, 4 minor canons, and 41 canons nonresident. 

 The number of benefices is 7D3. The income of the bishop is 4000(. 



Besides the cathedral there are in tbe city 13 churches of the 

 E:<tabliahment, about one fourth of the number said to hare been 

 standing at the time of the Reformation. The old churches are mosti/ 

 small and much mutilated, being generally the remains of larger 

 edifices. Three of the churches oave Norman towers. Six of the 

 churches were rebuilt in a very mean manner during the last century. 

 St. Peter's church, a large stmcture, erected in 1 723, is a spacioiu 

 classic pile. A chtuxih, dedicated to St. Nicholas, has been reuentlj 

 erected at the northern end of the town : it is in the early Bnglisn 

 style, with a tower and spire at the south-west angle of the nave. The 

 Wesle} an Methodists and Inde|ieudents have each twoehapels; and 

 the Primitive Methodists, General and Particular Baptists, Countess 

 of Huntingdon's Connexion, Roman Catholics, Unitariaiu, and Quakers 

 have each a place of worship. The Free Grammar school was re- 

 modelled in 1851 ; it is under the care of a head mRst''r and three 

 under masters, and had 86 scholars in 1858. The Diocesan Public 

 school is held in a handsome Tudor building, erected in 1885. There 

 are National, British, Wesleyan, Roman Catholic, and lufaut sobooISi 

 and a girls schouL 'The Permanent Stock library, established abont 

 40 years back, has a valuable collection of books, numbering almut 

 11,000 volumes, and had 278 members in li;51. There are in tho city 

 a young mens mutual improvement society, a mechanics institute, 

 which had 849 members in 1851, a niuseuui, in which are many 

 Roman remaius, and a savings bank. The prinoi|>al benevolent insti- 

 tutions are the county hospital, open to the whole oouuty; the 

 dispensary limited to the town; the county lunatic asylum, an exten- 

 sive stmcture; and the lying-in institution. The principal public 

 buildings besides those mentioned above, are the oouuty jail, erected 

 on part of the site of the castle ; the city prison ; the county court*, 



