﻿iU 



LINCOLN, PORT. 



LINCOLNSHIRE. 



an imposinij pile erected from a design by Sir R. Smirke ; the assembly 

 rooms ; and the theatre, a plain edifice. The Midland railway station 

 has a good portico ; the Great Northern station is a handsome Tudor 

 structure. There are a large meat market, a spacious covered market 

 for butter, poultry, and i ggs, another for vegefcibles, &c. The corn 

 exchange, erected within the last eight years, has a Grecian portico ou 

 a rusticated basement. The principal trade of the town is in flour : 

 there are several large steam flour-mills. A considerable trade is 

 carried on in corn and wool, chiefly with Yorkshire. An extensive 

 manufactory of steam-enyines employs a large number of hands. 

 There are several breweries. The railways and the canal uniting the 

 ■Witham with the Trent, afford cousiderable facilities for trade. Fiiday 

 is the market-day. A fair is held on four days of the last whole 

 week in April, for horses, sheep, and cattle— this is one of the great 

 horse fairs of the kingdom, and is attended by dealers from all parts 

 of England and many foreigners ; mixed fairs are held on Midsummer- 

 day, October 6th, and November 28th. Cattle maikets are held 

 fortnightly during a part of the year. The county assizas, quarter 

 sessions, and a county court are held in the city. 



Lincoln abounds in monastic and other remains of ancient architec- 

 ture. The most ancient and in many respects most remarkable 

 antiquity is the Roman gate, of which the principal arch and a postern 

 remain. There are several gateways of English architecture, as the 

 Chequer or Exchequer Gate in the Cathedral Close, and the Stonebow 

 in the High street : the remains of a fort called Lucy Tower ; a tower 

 of three stories, incorporated in a modem boose called the Priory, 

 and several other buildings. The Gray Friars is a large obloug build- 

 ing, the lower story of whicli lies some feet below the surface of the 

 ground ; part of the upper story, formerly the chapel, is now used 

 for a Free school, and the remaining port as a library. The remains of 

 John of Gauut's Palace and of a building called John of Gaunt's 

 Stables present some interesting Norman and early English features. 

 In the gable of the palace is a beautiful oriel window. A small chapel 

 in the ricliest decorated style is now used as the reservoir uf a public 

 conduit. The town-hall is an ancient chamber over a castellated 

 gateway of the time of Henry VIII., which crosses High-street 

 LINCOLN, PORT. [Australia.] 



LINCOLNSHIRE, an English county, bounded N. by the B»tuary 

 of the Humber, which separates it from Yorkshire; N.W. by York- 

 shire ; W. by Nottinghamshire, from which it ia partly separated by 

 the Trent ; S.W. by the counties of Leicester and Rutland ; S. by 

 Northamptonshire ; S.E. by the counties of Cambridge and Norfolk, 

 from the last of which it i* separated by the Cross Keys Wash ; and 

 K by the North Sea, or German Ocean. Its form is irregular, having 

 its great^^st length from north to south, 75 miles, from the Humber 

 near the town of Barton to the Welland, near Market Deeping;' and 

 its greatest bteuith, 50 miles, from the junction of the three counties 

 of York, Nottingham, and Lincoln, to the sea at Baltfleet. The area 

 is estimated at 2776 square miles, or 1,776,738 acres. The popuUtion 

 ui'1841 was 362.602; in 1851 it was 407,222. In size Lincolnshire is 

 (ha second Engliah county, Yorkshire only excee<liiig it. It is com- 

 meheaded between 52° 39' and 53° 43' N. lat., 0' 22' E. and 0" 56' 

 W. long. 



Co<ut4m€. — The coast from the Welland to the Humber forms a 

 tolerably regular curve convex to the sea, and is low and marshy, 

 •zoept about Clea Ness, near Grimsby, where the coast rises into oliffii. 

 A belt of sand of varying breadth skirts the land, and the forest, 

 which once occupied the fen comitry, where the trunks of trees are 

 fonnd under the soil, extended over a considerable apace now covered 

 by the sea. From the mouth of the Welland to that of the Nene the 

 coast is so low aa to require the protection of a sea-wall or bank. The 

 present bank is more advanced towards the ocean than what is termed 

 (he old or Roman bonk, and a considerable extent of land is thus 

 gained. The actuary of the Wash is occupied for the moat part by 

 Mod-bonks, dry at low water. Between these banks the streams 

 whioh flow into (be eestnary have their channels. Two wide spaces, 

 or pools of deeper water, between the banks afford anchorage to 

 Tassels. The opening near the Norfolk coast is termed Lynn Well or 

 LyOD Deeps, though in some maps the name of Lynn Deeps is given 

 to the eastern channel of the Ouso. The opening near the Liucoln- 

 ■hire coast is called Boston Deeps ; it forms a long narrow anchorage, 

 ■heltared to seaward by Long Sand, Dog's Head, and Outer Knock, a 

 nose of land-banks which run parallel to the coast to Skegness, north 

 of Waiofleet. The water in Boston Deeps is from 8 to 8 fathoms deep. 

 The coast between Boston and Wainfleet is occupied by a hne of salt- 

 marshes. There are other lail-marshea along the teetuary of the 

 Homber. 



Surface mid Oeologieal Characler. — A considerable part of Lincoln- 

 shire consists of alluvium, constituting a vast extent of flat or marsh 

 land, from the border of which the subjacent strata rive and form 

 oompbratively elevated tracts. The alluvial soil occupies nearly the 

 whole of the ooasL It skirts the bank of the Humber, and that of 

 the Trent, as far up as Oaiusborough. West of the Trent it spreads 

 over Thome Waste, or Thome Level, from the midst of which rises 

 the Isle of Aiholme. This level was anciently occupied by a vast 

 forest. [AxuoLME, Isle of.] West of the Wash the alluvium 

 extends inland from Wainfleet to the river Witham. It spreads in 

 bnadth 3 or 4 miles from asoh bank nearly up to Lincoln, where it 



ia contracted to a narrow strip. Southward from the Witham the 

 alluvium occupies half the breadth of the county. 



From Barton-upon-Humber to Burnh, near Wainfleet, extends a line 

 of chalk downs, called the Wolds of Liucoln.^hire. These downs form 

 part of the great chalk formation whioh extends through England, 

 from Flamborough Head in Yorkshire to the coast of Dorsetshire. 

 The length of the Lincolns'iire Wolds is about 47 miles, their average 

 breadth 6 miles, their greatest breadth 13 miles. The chalk is found 

 extending under the alluvium in the marshes round the Wolds. 

 Along the coast by Saltfleet are natural outlets of water called pro- 

 viucially ' blow wells,' deep circular pits, which furnish a continual 

 flow of water, and are vulgarly rejmted to be unfathomable ; they are 

 presumed to communicate with the chalk. The Wolds have their 

 steepest escarpment towards the west, on which side the greensand 

 crops out and forms a narrow belt, skirting the chalk from Barton to 

 Burgh. The iiou-sand occupies a narrow belt of land wi st of the 

 greensand. These two formations constitute a range of hills extending 

 from north-west, near Market Rasen, to south-east, near Spilsby, 

 running nearly parallel to the Wolds. 



Westward of the iron-saud extends a wide flat, watered towards the 

 north by the Ancholme, and towards the south by the Witham, 

 occupied chiefly by the Oxford or clunch clay. The breadth of this 

 district near the Humber is about 3 miles, east of Lincoln 15 miles, 

 and between Sleaford and Spilsby 25 miles ; but in this part it is 

 partially coveretl by the marshes of the Witham. The elevation of 

 this stratum scarcely exceeds that of the adjacent fens. It has been 

 penetrated to the depth of nearly 500 feet. The low district of the 

 Oxford chiy forms a large central valley separating the Wolds, with 

 the adjacent hills, from the higher grounds formed of the oolitic 

 strata, which extend southward through the county from the marehes 

 which line the Humber: (hey are bounded on the east by a line 

 drawn by Lincoln (where the oolites subside, forming a narrow gap of 

 a mile or two wide, occupied by the Witham and the adjacent marshes), 

 Sleaford, and Bourne to Uffiugton. This range of hi<^h land has it8 

 steepest escarpment, called Cliffe Row, on the western side, south of 

 Lincoln. The eastern side of this range of hills consists, from Barton 

 to Lincoln, chiefly of the great oolite ; and south of Lincoln of the 

 combrash and great oolite, sepanited by a thick bed uf clay. The 

 west side is occupied by the inferior division of the Oolitic formations. 

 Several stoneHiuarries are opened between Sleaford and Grantham. 



The Lias formation occupies nearly all the rest of the county. 

 Commencing at the Humber, it proceeds due south to Lincoln, south- 

 ward of which it pervades almost all the western side of the county. 

 It is conterminous on its eastern side with the oolitic formations, from 

 beneath which it crops out. The north-western corner of the county 

 is occupied by the new red-sandstone or red marl. It is covered aU 

 round the Isle of Axholme (which is composed of red marl) by the 

 alluvium of the Thome Level, Hatfield Chase, and the conti^juouB 

 marsh-lands. Gypsum occurs plentifully in this formation in the 

 Isle of Axholme and on the border of the Trent ; and there are saline 

 mineral springs in the neighbourhood of Gainsborough. 



Uydmgraphy and Commi^icatiotu. — The Trent touches the border 

 of the county nearly midway between Newark and Gainsborough, and 

 for about 16 miles separates the counties of Lincoln and Nottingham; 

 from below Oainsborongh to its junction with the Yorkshire Ouse its 

 course of 19 miles is almost entirely within the border of Lincolnshire. 

 This river is navigable throughout the part which belongs to this 

 oounty ; and vessels of 150 tons can ascend to Gainsborough, where 

 (he river is crossed by a bridge. The Idle, whioh comes from Notting- 

 hamshire, or rather the Bykerdike or Viciirdyke, a cut from the Idle, 

 skirts the southern boundary of the Isle of Axholme, and falls into 

 (he Tr«n( a little below Gainsborough on the left bank. The Byker- 

 dyke and the Idle are navigable fiY>m Eiist Retford. The old river 

 Thome, another affluent of the Trent, skirts the Isle of Axholme on 

 the north-west, and cuts (not navigable), distinguished as the New 

 River Idle, and the New Thome, pa.ss from the rivers after which 

 they are named through Axholuie Isle into the Trent. 



The Ancholme rises near the village of Spridlington, between Lincoln 

 and Market Rasen, and flows north-east 6 miles to Bishop Briggs, when 

 it is joined by the little river Rase from near Market Rasen. Here the 

 navigatiou commences, and the stream is carried in an almost direct 

 line by an artificial cut, about 20 miles long, into the Humber, a short 

 distance west of Barton. This river serves to drain the marshes 

 through which it flows. The Ancholme carries ofl" the drainage of 

 the valley between the Wolds and the oolite or stonebnwh hills. The 

 Tetney rises from the south-western escai-pmeut of the Wolds, between 

 Binbrook and Market Rasen, and flows by Binbrook and Tetney into 

 the German Ocean between Grimsby and Saltfleet, about 22 miles. 

 The mouth has been made navigable, the Louth Navigation entering the 

 sea there. The lAidd rises near the south-west escarpment of the chalk 

 range. It is formed by the junction of two or three brooks which 

 unite above Louth and flow north-east into the German Ocean by 

 seveial arms, one of which enters the sea by Grainthorpe sluice between 

 Tetney imd Saltfleet, another near North Somercotes, and a third at 

 Saltfleet. The length of the Ludd is about 18 miles. The Louth 

 Navigation consists partly of this river and partly of an artificial cut 

 from the village of Alvingham to the mouth of the Tetney river : the 

 navigation is about 14 miles long. The WMtm, or Withem £au, 



