﻿UKCOLKSHIRE. 



LINCOLNSHIRE. 



a oommodknu slrnotuTv; there an tsktorU for Wasleyao and Primitira 

 MethodiaU aod National nchoola A fair for IiorMi and oattlo is held 

 oa July 6Ui, and a pleaaurs fair on July 10th. Norih SomtrtoU$, 

 3 milaa N.W. firom the imall lea^de town of Saltfleet, population 

 1089, haa a apacioui gothio churoh. In the village are ehi^Mla for 

 Wealsyan and PrimitiTe H ethodiata. National aohooU, and a achool 

 ropported by Wealeyan Methodiata. In the pnrish are extenaive 

 rabbit-warrena. Snr^tet, 4 milea N. from S|>aldiDg, and about 6 milea 

 8.W. from Foaae-Dyke Waah, with which Uiere ia navigation by the 

 Wetland, population 045, hai a good church of ancient date with a 

 apire. Tniere ia a Free aohool endowed by the late Lady Fcaser. By 

 the Qrand Sluice drainage Sorfleet baa inhmd navigable commonication 

 with BoatOD. At Surfleet ia a atation of the Qreat Northern railway. 

 Sutttrton, 6 milea S.S.W. from Boston, and 8 milea from Foaae-Dyke 

 Waah, population 1445, is situated in a district where there is a con- 

 siderable extent of fen-land. There are a handsome church with a 

 apire, chapels for Wealeyan Hethodista and Baptitta, and a National 

 BchooL TW/orrf, 9 miles S. from Louth, poptUation 799, has an 

 ancient gothie church with a tower, a chapel for Wesleyaa Methodists, 

 and National and Wealeyan schools. Limestone is extensively quarried 

 and burned for manure. Tracea of an extensive encampment exist in 

 the neighbourhood. Uffingtan, on the southern border of the county, 

 2 miles E. from Stamford : population, 573. The church is a hand- 

 Bome edifice, with a square tower and crocketed spire supported by 

 buttresaes. In the village are National achoola. A priory of Angus- 

 tinian canons was formerly at Newstead in the pftrish ; the site is now 

 ooonpied by an extensiva milL Wkaplode, about 24 miles W. from 

 Holbeach, population 2564, haa a church of Norman date, with a 

 •qnare tower at the south-east angle of the church. There are chapels 

 for We«leyan and Primitive Hetliodista, National schools, and alms- 

 bouses for six poor widowa WinUringham, on the right bank of the 

 Humber, 7 miles W. from Barton, population 82>, had once a market. 

 The church is of the early Enpluh period. There are chapi-la for 

 Wealeyan and Primitive Methodists and Notional schools. Uii the 

 river-side are convenient wharfs. Near the village is a chalybeate 

 spring. WintartOA, 8 miles W.S.W. from Barton : population, 1665. 

 The church is early English, except the lower part of the tower, 

 which ia Norman. There are chapels for Wesleyan and Primitave 

 Methodists and Independents, and National schools. Cattle fairs are 

 held on the Tuesday before Palm Sunday and on September 2Srd, and 

 a general fair on July 6th. A small market for com is held on Wed- 

 nesday. Malting, rope-makiug, and machine-makiug employ a portion 

 of the population. Teaselated pavements have been found in the 

 neighbourhood. 



Livitiom for Ecdetiaitical and Legal Purpotes. — This coimty, as 

 noticed above, ia in the diocese of Lincoln, and province of Canter- 

 bury, and constitutes the two archdeaoonriea of Lincoln and Stow. 

 Lincolnshire ia in the midland cirouit The assizes are held at Linculii, 

 where is the county jaiL The quarter-sesxions are held as follows : 

 for the county of the city of Lincoln at Lincoln ; for the parts of 

 Keateven and Holland at Bourne, Boston, Sleaford, and Spalding; 

 for the parte of Lindaey, at Kirton, Louth, and Spilsby. County 

 courts are held at Barton-on-Humber, Boston, Brigg, Caistor, Gains- 

 borough, Grantham, Great Grimsby, Holbeach, Uomcaatle, Lincoln, 

 Louth, Market Rasen, Sleaford, Spalding, Spilsby, and Stamford. 



Before the paasing of the Reform Act the county returned two 

 members to Parliament; and two members each were returned for the 

 city of Lincoln, and for the boroughs of Boston, Grantham, Grimsby, 

 and Stamford. By the Reform Act the county was divided into two 

 parte, each to return two members. The northern division compre- 

 Baods the parts of Lindaey ; the southern divixion comprehends the 

 pwta of Keateven and Holland. The only alteration for the borough 

 members waa Uie loss of one for Grimsby. By the Poor-Law Com- 

 misdoners the oonnfy is divided into the Unions of Boston, Bourne, 

 Caistor, Gainsborough, Qlnnfurd Brigg, Grantham, Holbeach, Horn- 

 caatle, Lincoln, Louth, Sleaford, Spalding, Spilsby, and Stamford. 

 These Uniuna comprise 723 parishes and townshi|>s, with an area of 

 1,584,020 aorea, and a popuUtion in 1851 of 8t«7,411. 



Hitton and Antxqnitia. — At tlie time of the Roman conquest 

 Liaoolnshin constituted part of the territory of the Coritani, who 

 occupied sereral of the midland counties, and whose dominion 

 ■Iretcbed throu^ Lincolnshire to the German Ocean and the Humber. 

 In the division which the Romans made of Britain Lincolnshire was 

 included in the province of Flavia Ctesariensis. 



The principal British roads or trackways which passed throngh 

 Lincohuhin were Ermine-street (which had two branohea), the 

 Foaseway, and what has been termed th'S Upper Saltway. Ermine- 

 Mnet after passing over an angle of the county near Stamford, 

 wa n t ared it m the neighbourhood of South Witham, between Stam- 

 ford and Grantham. It immediately divided into two branches, of 

 which the moat easterly ran north by Ancaster and Lincoln to 

 Wiateringbam on the Humber. The other main branch ran north- 

 north-west into Nottinghamshire. The Foaseway commenced on tiie 

 coast at or near Grimiby, and ran south-west by Lincoln through 

 Notti ng hamshi r e to Leicester. The Upper Saltway appears to have 

 bean the communication between the coast of Lincolnshire and the 

 ■alt-works of Woroeatcnhire. 



Li n d u m, the modem Lincoln, waa a British town before it waa 



made a Roman station : it is at the intersection of the two great 

 roada, the eastern branch of Ermine-street and the Foaseway. 

 Ptolema>us mentions it aa one of the two chief towns of the Coritani 

 It was made a Roman station, and according to Richard a Roman 

 colony. The station was on the hill now occupied by the cathedral 

 and the castle : its form was that of a parallelogram, the sides nearly 

 &cing the four cardinal points : on each side wss a gate. The inclosed 

 area was 1200 feet by 1300 feet. The walla have been almost entirely 

 levelled with the ground, and the gates, with one exception, have 

 been long since demolished. The remaining gate, now called ' Newport 

 Gate,' is one of the most remarkable Roman remaina in the kingdom. 

 It consists of a central arch nearly 16 feet wide, and formed with 

 large stonea put together apparently without mortar ; and two lateral 

 aicdaea or posterns, now neariy closed up by the elevation of the aoiL 

 Adjacent to this gate is a mass of the Roman wall ; a Roman arch 

 and part of the wall are incorporated with the Norman castle ; and 

 another portion of wall parallel to that of the station, and now called 

 the Mint Wall, is supposed to have been part of a granary or of aoms. 

 other Roman building. A fortified wall with towera at the comen 

 appears to have run down to the bank of the Witham, and then along 

 the bank. Coins of the emperors Nero, Vespasian, and Julian have 

 been found bore, and especially of Carausius, who aa aome have 

 supposed, resided for a time at Lincoln. A tesselatad pavement and 

 a hypocaust beneath it wero discovered in 1739 : the pavement was 

 13 feet below the present surface. Another hypocaust and several 

 antiquities have been also discovered, especially a sarcophagtu and 

 some stone coffins, earthen and glass urns, and other funereal utenaila. 

 Part of a set of glazed earthen oonduit-pipes and other specimens of 

 pottery have been also found. 



The only other Roman station in the county mentioned in the 

 Antonine Itinerary was Causenaa:. Ad Abum, mentioned by Richard 

 of Cirencester, waa on Ermine-street, at Winteringham or Wiuterton, 

 near the south bank of the Humber. The Bannovallum and the 

 Vainonas of Ravenuas have been fixed at Horucaatle und WaiuSeet. 

 Causenme waa probably Ancaster on Ermiue-street, 15 milex south of 

 Lincoln. Roman coins have been found here. The remaina of the 

 station at Winterton, supposed to bo Ad Abum, wero ploughed up 

 not more than six yean before Stukeley wrote the account of it, and 

 ' great pavements, chimney stones,' and other antiquities were found 

 but not preserved. Three curious teaselated pavements were found 

 here in 17-17. At lioxby, Hibbaldstow, Appleby, Saudton, and 

 BroughtoD, all in the same part of the county, various Roman 

 antiquities have been discovered. At Horkstow also, near Winterton, 

 several Roman remains, chiefly teaselated pavements and the founda- 

 tions of buildings, have been found. At Torksey, at the junction of 

 the Fosae Dyke with the Trent, between Lincoln and Gainsborough, 

 there was probably a Roman aettlemeut. The foundations of the 

 ancient Norman castle appear to have been Roman. At Scampton, 

 about 6 milea north of Lincoln, were discovered in 1795 the founda- 

 tions of a Roman vilhi, occupying a site 2U0 feet square, and having 

 upwards of 40 apartmeuta on the ground plan, with painted and 

 stuccoed walls, and no less than 13 Roman pavementa, only one of 

 which was perfect Some of the walls were of great thickness. 

 Various Roman antiquities were found scattered over the spot. Upon 

 the bonks of the Trent, 3 miles west of Stow, in the same part of the 

 county, two Roman altara and other antiquities have been discovered. 

 Stow IS supposed to have been the Siduaceaster of the Saxons, the 

 seat of a bishopric afterwards transferred to Lincoln. Near Gains- 

 borough and at Aukborough, both on the Trent, are Roman camps : 

 the latter was, in Stukeley's time, very perfect, and formed a square 

 of 800 feet ; near it was one of those labyriutha, formed of banks, 

 called here and elsewhere Julian's Bower. Camps, probably Roman, 

 have been found at Gedney Hill, near Holbeach, and at Huuuiugton, 

 not far from Grantham ; a moaaio pavement at Denton, in the same 

 neighbourhood ; and Roman ooins and pipes of baked earthenware in 

 other placea 



Under the Saxons, Lindaey, a name which perhaps extended nearly 

 or quite over the modem county of Lincoln, appean to have been 

 a subordinate state dependent upon the kingdom of Morcia. It waa 

 included among the oonqueats of Kdwin of Northumbria, under 

 whoBii influence Christianity waa introduced by the misaiouary 

 Paulinua. Bede states that Bleoca, the governor of Lincoln, was wita 

 his household among the first converts, m the year 628. 



When the Danes, or Northmen, were carrying on their ravages in 

 England, in the time of Ethelred I., Lincolnshire, which then had 

 several monastic establishments, suflered greatly. Linculushiro passed 

 permanently into Daniah hands about 877 ; it constituted part of the 

 territory of the Danish burghs of Lincoln and Stamford ; and was 

 included within the boundary of the Danelagh, or Dandag (the 

 'Daniah law,' or 'Daniah jurisdiction'), as settled by the treaty 

 between Alfred and Gulhrun the Dane. In time the Danish and 

 Anglo-baxon population became amalgamated, and the whole district 

 came under the supremacy of the Anglo-Saxon crown. 



In the civil war between Stephen and the empress Maud, Lincoln- 

 shire was the scene of contesL The sie^e and battle of Lincoln, 

 1141, ore noticed elsewhere. In the civil war of the baruus with 

 John and his son Henry III., Lincoln was signalised by a second 

 battle, whjoh » o»t «d Henry ILL, yet a boy, securely on his thions. 



