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LINCOLNSHIKK 



LINLITHGOWSHIRE. 



E38 



At the latter part of hia reign, when troublea had again broken out, 

 Axholme became once more the refuge of the disiiffected. In the 

 civil war of the Roses Lincolnshire appears not to have suffered much. 

 Sir Robert Wells, out of revenge for his father's death, whom 

 Edward IV. had beheaded, raised a rebellion against that prince, and 

 gathered an army of 30,000 Lincolnshire men. He was defeated 

 with dreadful loss near Stamford, and put to death by the king's 

 command. At the time of the Reformation the Lincolnshire men 

 broke out into open rebellion upon the suppression of the monasteries, 

 in 1536. The earls of Shrewsbury, Rutland, and Huntingdon, and 

 the Duke of Suffolk, were sent into Lincolnshire with all the force 

 that could be collected ; and the rebels dispersed without an engage- 

 ment, delivering up their leaders to the king's officers. 



Of the ecclesiastical and baronial editices which were erected 

 between the Conquest and the Reformation, Lincolnshire contains 

 many admirable specimens, especially churches. The cathedral of 

 Lincoln and the churches of Boston, Louth, Sleaford, S[>alding, and 

 other places are elsewhure noticed. On the hill which runs from 

 Lincoln towards Grantham is a line of churches, presenting a cumber 

 of interesting features. Beckinghain, Normauton, and Ancaster have 

 considerable portions of Norman character. Caythorpe church is 

 chiefly of decorated English character, and presents several singu- 

 larities in its arrangement. Leadeuham has a tower and spire of 

 early perpendicular date, and of good design ; the rest of the church 

 is an excellent example of the decorated style. The churches on 

 and near the road from London to Lincoln exhibit as much, if not 

 more variety and excellence of composition than is to be met with in 

 any part of the kingdom in the same distance: among them are 

 Sleaford, Folkingham, Bourne, and Market Deeping churches. Kelby, 

 Threckingham, Kirby Laythoqie, Uowel, Hurblin.,', Sempringham, 

 and Morton, have portions of Norman character. Sempringham 

 church appears to be the remains of a much larger building ; it has a 

 tower of plain perpendicular character. Silk Willoughby church is 

 of fine decorated English character, with a tower and spire of good 

 composition. Walcot has a tower and fine crocketed spire, which are 

 of decorated English character, as well as the rest of the church : 

 the east window is very fine. Heckington church is one of the most 

 beautiful models of a church in the kingdom, having almost every 

 feature of a fine church. It is a large cmciform structure, having a 

 nave and aisles, spacious transepts, a large chancel with a vestry 

 attached to the north side, and at the west end a tower crowned 

 with four pentagonal pinnacles and a lofty spire. The finest churches 

 in the Fens are for the moat part of perpendicular character, with 

 lofty spires. The churchy already noticed are chiefly in Kesteven 

 and Holland ; those of Lindsey are of inferior architecture, except in 

 the flat marshy tract between the Wolds and the Ocean or the 

 Humber, where there are some fine ones. The churches in this 

 district vary but little in their form and character ; they have a nave 

 with north and south aiales, a chancel, south porch, and western 

 tower. The churches amid the Wolds have little claim to arcliitectural 

 excellence. In the weateru parts of Lindsey are some churches of 

 great antiquity and of considerable beauty. Stow church, iu this 

 part, is a large Norman edifice. 



Of monastic edifices there are several remains. Barling's Abbey 

 ■bows part of a wall and some fragments of columna. Thornton Abbey, 

 not far from Barton-upon-Humber, presents some important and 

 interesting fragments. It was founded by William Le Oros, earl 

 of Albemarle, in 1139, as a priory for Black Canons, and waa after- 

 wards made an abbey. The buildings were originally extensive, 

 forming a quadrangle surrounded with a moat, and having lofty 

 ramparts for occasional defence. The gate-house which formed the 

 western entrance is yet tolerably entire. A spacious room, probably 

 the refectory, and an adjoining room with recesses in both ends, the 

 abbey church, and a portion of the octugonal chapterhouse, are also 

 standing. The abbot's lodge, which stood to the south, is occupied 

 as a farm-house. Of Bardney Abbey there are some remains, also of 

 Kirkstead Abbey ; both these are on the left bank of the Witham, 

 between Lincoln and Boston. Of Tumple Bruer, a receptory first of 

 Knights Templars, afterwards of Hospitallers, a few vaults and the 

 tower of the church are left ; the latter is a massy, quadrangular, 

 stone building, accessible to the top by a winding staircase. The 

 remains of Uaverholme Priory, near Sleaford, have been incorporated 

 into a modem mansion. 



In the civil war of Charles I. this county was the scene of several 

 ' important events. In March, 1642, Colonel Cavendish, on the part of 

 the king, took possession of Grantham, and captured 360 prisoners, 

 with a quantity of arms and ammunition, and demolished the works 

 which had been erected. Oliver Cromwell shortly afterwards gained 

 a victory near Grantham with his own regiment of horse over 24 

 troops of royali-it cavalry. In the same year Colonel Cavendish 

 def>.-ated the parliamentary forces at Ancaster ; and Gainsborough was 

 token by the Parliamentarians under Lord Willoughby of Parham. 

 In 1643 Cromwell gained a victory near Gainsborough over the 

 Royalists under General Cavendish, who lost his life in the engagement. 

 In autumn the same year the Royalists were again defeated at Horn- 

 castle; and in 1644 Lincoln castle and minster were stormed by the 

 Earl of Manchester. 



iUlijfioui Won/iip and EducatioTt. — According to the Returns of 



the Census of 1851, it appears that there were in Lincolnshire 1501 

 places of worship, of which 703 belonged to four sections of Method- 

 ists, 657 to the Established Church, 62 to Baptists, 38 to Independents, 

 13 to Roman Catholics, 9 to Quakers, 5 to Unitarians, aud 5 to Latter- 

 Day Saints. The total number of sittings provided was 281,266. 

 The number of Sunday schools in the county was 830, with 57,120 

 scholars. Of these schools 432 belonged to the Church of England, 

 318 to four sections of Methodists, 36 to Baptists, 27 to lnd<--peudenta, 

 and 5 to Roman Catholics. The number of day schools was 1420, of 

 which 457 were public schools with 32,267 scholars, aud 963 were 

 private schools with 19,896 scholars. There were 18 evening schools 

 for adulta, with 224 scholars, and 23 literary and scientific institutions 

 with 2818 members, and libraries containing 22,654 volumes. 



Savings Banks. — In 1852 there were 14 savings banks in the county, 

 at Alford, Boston, Bourne, Brigg, Caistor, Folkingham, Gainsborough, 

 Grantham, Homcastle, Lincoln, Louth, Sleaford, Spalding, aud Stam- 

 ford. The total amount owing to depositors on 20th November 1852 

 was 553,5662. 8<. 



LINDERNiES, CAPE. [Tbondhjeil] 



LINDFIELD. [SossEX.] 



LINLITHGOW, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, a royal and parlia- 

 mentary burgh, market-town, and the chief town of the county, is 

 situated in 65° 55' N. lat., 3° 55' VV. long., 18 miles W. by N. from 

 Edinburgh by road, and by the Edinburgh and Glasgow railway. The 

 population of the parliamentary burgh iu 1851 was 4213. The town 

 is governed by a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of guild, aud treasurer, who 

 are elected from 27 councillors. It unites with Airdrie, Falkirk, Hamilton, 

 aud Lanark, in returning one member to the Imperial Parliament. 



The town consists of a main street and several cross streets. It is 

 paved, lighted with gas, well supplied with water, and tulerably cleau. 

 The parish church, founded by David I., is a fine specimen of gothic 

 architecture. Iu the town are a Fi-ee Church, two ohapels for United 

 Presbyterians, one each for Independents aud Roman Catholics, a 

 burgh school, and several other scliouls. The town-hall was built in 

 1668. In front of it is a curiously sculptured well, called the Cross 

 Well, which sends out a copious supply of water through the mouths 

 of numerous grotesque figures. The jail is a mo<leru building. The 

 principal trade of the towu is the currying and tanning of leather. 

 There are a distillery and a brewery. . The Union Canal passes close 

 to the town on the south side. 



The burgh is said to have been erected by Robert II. in 1389. It 

 was in the main street of Linlithgow that the Regent Murray was 

 assassinated. The chief antiquity is the palace of Linlithgow, which, 

 after beiug a royal residence for several centuries, was accidentally set 

 on fire in the year 1746. It is a massive quadrangular structure, 

 standing on an eminence on the side of a beautiful sheet of water. 

 The oldest part of the palace is on the west side, in which is the room 

 in which Mary queen of Scots was born. The palace is now a 

 magnificent ruin. 



LINLITHGOWSHIRE, or WEST LOTHIAN, a county in the east 

 of Scotland, bounded N. by the Frith of Forth, W. by Stirlingshire, 

 from which it is separated by the river Avon aud the Poluessbum, 

 S.W. by Lanarkshire, and S. and S.E by Edinburghshire, from which 

 it is separated by the rivers Breich aud Almond. Its length, from the 

 mouth of the Almond to the borders of Stirlingshire and Lanarkshire, 

 is nearly 21 miles : its breadth, from the north-west extremity of the 

 county to the village of Livingston on the south-east boundary, some- 

 what exceeds 10 miles. It is comprised between 55° 49' and 56° 1' 

 N. lat, 3° 17' and 3° 5' W, long. The area of the couuty is 101 square 

 miles, or 64,375 acres. The population in 1841 was 26,872 ; iu 1851 

 it was 30,135. The couuty returns one member to the Imperial 

 Parliament. 



Coatt-Une. — At the mouth of the river Almond the land is generally 

 flat aud sandy, the shore broad, the water shallow. Inland there are 

 some hills of moderate elevation. West of the Almond the coast 

 rises somewhat higher, attaining on an average an elevation of between 

 50 and 60 feet, aud so it continues as far as Black Ness, where it 

 gets lower, until, west of Borrowatownneas, it sinks so low that more 

 than 2000 acres are covered by the tide. There are harbours at New- 

 balls aud Port Edgar, which are respectively half a mile east and west 

 of South Qucensferry. There is also a harbour at Borrowstownness. 



Surface, Hydrography^ and Communications. — In the southeru part 

 of the county are extensive tracts covered with mosses and htath. 

 This surface extends in plains, though occasionally there are hills of 

 moderate elevation, some of which rise to 900 or 1000 feet. The 

 rivers do not run in narrow glens, as in a hilly country, and the arable 

 ground along their banks is consequently extensive aud fertile : but 

 the greater portion of the tract is unfit for agricultural purposes. A 

 line drawn through Livingstone to Bathgate may be considered as the 

 northern boundary of this tract. The country north of this line pre- 

 sents iu general an undulating surface with few hills. The greatest 

 portion of this district does not slope towards the sea, but towards 

 the river Almond on the one aide, and towards the Avon on the other. 

 The basin of the Almond is bordered by high ground, which iu some 

 places rises into hills. These hills begin east of Bathgate and run 

 northward under the names of Dumcross Hills, Kuock Hills, aud Kipp 

 Hills ; east of Torpichen is their highest summit, the Cairunaple, 

 which is said to be 1498 feet high. They termmate south of LiiUithgow 



