﻿UMUTHOOWSHIRB. 



LIPABI IBLAKO& 



with the CockWoe, 500 ttti hich. From the bd-mentjooed hill 

 the lii(:b gr<iuDd rum cMtward, forming modanto alaratioui with 

 gentU diwccnu uolil it tarmiBatw k ahort dutaooe irom the imnitb of 

 ths Almoixl. The oountry indoMd by Umm high grouodi coDtaiui a 

 gmt portion of itnible land. 



Tlie lurface of the county geoaraUy ii iuteraeotod by numrrous rim- 

 leta or bum*, but the only riven are tbe Avon and the Almond. No 

 fi«h, b<-yond a frw freili-water trout, ar« found in them. The Almond 

 and it* tributary, tha Breicb, form the south-eaat boundary of the 

 eounty. [iiiouiBUBMiaaniB.] Theae noeiTe aeveral tributariaa in tbe 

 aouth-waatccn dictriot. Tbe Brock* and Ecclewmachau bum* foil 

 into tha Almond aft«r watering the middle of the county. The Avon 

 rawiTe* a few amall tributariaa from this county, of which the only 

 one worthy of maotion ia tha Uallencrieff Water. There are two 

 lock in the viciuity of Linlithgow. The Union Canal crosses tbe 

 eonnty, passing a little to the south of Linlithgow towa The high- 

 reads are kept in good repair. 



The Edinburgh and Glasgow railway traverses the county. There 

 is also a branch line to Bathgate, which is carried on through the 

 south of the county to join tbe Caledonian railway. The steamers on 

 the Frith of Forth call at Queensferry and Borrowstownnesa. 



Gto/ogp ami UimenUogf. — Tbe great coal-field of Mid Lothian 

 [EoniBUBaBBaiMl] extends through the whole cf the southern district 

 of this county. It lira to the east and aoutb of Edinburgh, whure it 

 extend* about 25 mile* in length, its greatest breadth being 6 miles. 

 It la ratimateii to cover an area of £0 square miles. Westward it is 

 intersected by exteiiHive tracts of limestone anil sandstone, iu which 

 only small seaius of cool occur, but in the bills near Bathgate, and 

 extending westwanl iuto Lanarkshire, beds of coal occur which are 

 fit for working. Part of the oountry between this ooal foraiatiou and 

 the Frith of Forth belongs to the red-saudstone formation. At several 

 plaoaa trap and basalt rooks protrude. Coal ia abundant and exteu- 

 aivaly workeii At BorrowstownneHS the mines extend nearly a mile 

 beaeath the bed of the Frith, so as almost to meet those of Culroe* on 

 the opposite bank, which extend southward a distance of 2 utiles. 

 Idmestooe and freestone are abundant ; there are several quarries of 

 MeelloDt granite. 



Climate, Soil, AgricuUtut, Jkc — The climate, though cold, is con- 

 Merably tempered by tbe winils which prevail from the south-west, 

 and the county suBers much less from the severity of the weather 

 thau from sudden changis. Tbe system of agrictdture is nearly the 

 ■ame hs that of Ivliuliurghshire. Atteniiun is paid to draining, and 

 most of the arable laii>ls are inclosed with aiibstautial fences, while tlie 

 greater |iart of the waste lands are planted with stveral kind* of 

 timber. The bay harvest usually commences al>out tbe i-ecoiid week 

 in July, and in ordinary years the com is ail boused by the end of 

 October. The fai ms are iu general of a moderate sixe^ and the leases 

 are mostly granted for term* of ll> or 21 years, 



Dirtiiotu, Towru, etc. — This county is divided into IS parishea 

 The prinui|ial towns are LisiuiBoow, Batboatb, which are noticed 

 in se|«rate articU's, iiorrowstowimess, and Queensferry, which we 

 nottoe here, 



gerrowsloigwHwt, ceneially called Bo'nets, a burgh of barony and 

 M«-port in the parish of tbe same name, lias on the shore of the Frith 

 of Forth, about 3 miles N. from Linlithgow, in 66' 2' N. lat, 8° 86' 

 W. long. Tbe population iu 1851 wa* 2645. Two long pier* form an 

 excellent hnrbour. There ia a considerable trade iu grain, and good 

 accommodation for warehousing. The number of vessels belonging 

 to tbe port on December Slat 1858 was 73, of 5833 tons aggregate 

 burden. During the year 1863 there entered tbe port 193 vessels of 

 14,225 tons aggregate burden, and there cleared out 1664 vessels of 

 121,681 tons, dhip-building is carried on, but not so extensively as 

 it oooe was. A amall rope-work and a mnnufaotory of earthenware 

 are in the town. Beaides the parish church there are chapels of tbe 

 Free aad the United Presbyterian churches. The most interesting 

 antiquity iu the district is Qraham's Dyke, part of the Koman wall of 

 Antoninus, which traversed the whole of the parish. 



Qit«eiu/erty, ikiulh, a royal and parliamentary burgh, port, and ferry 

 station, in the parish of Que- nsferry, on the right bank of the Forth, 

 about 8 miles N.W. from Edinburgh. Tha population in 1861 was 

 1105. It i* governed by a provost and 20 councillor*, and unites with 

 Cttlroas, Dunfermline, Inverkeithing, and Stirling, in returning one 

 meuiU^r to tbe Imperial Parliament. Tbe town consists of an irre- 

 gularly built curved street, and four or five email croas street^ three 

 of them leading to the harbour. At one end is the curiotu old stone- 

 r o fl fa d oha|>«l uf Queensferry. Tbe new church is near tbe main 

 •tMat The town-house is a mean building. There was formerly a 

 large number of vcasela belonging to the harbour, and ships were built 

 here. Tbe only trade now ia that of the ferry, which however is at 

 tlM little Tiliaga of Newhalls, a short distance east of the burgh, 

 whare there are a pier and lighthouse. The harbour steamer and tbe 

 tuny amnfcements are managed by trustees appointed under an Act 

 of Parliament Queeoaferry soiiatad as a port or ferry from tbe time 

 of Malcolm III., who married HatKaret. the lister of Kdgar Atheling. 

 The queen used to embark at I'Ort Bdgar, and Quecnnferry it i* said 

 thence derive* ita present name. It was made a bui^b uf regality by 

 Bobert I., and a royal burgh in the reign of Charles i. Opposite the 

 port is the island of Inch Uarvis, 



Th« foUowing riiUgu may be mantiMMd :—Blackbm%, ia Uriag- 

 atOB* pariah, at which there ia a large cotton spinning-work. Black- 

 na* is noticed elaewbi re. Bridf/meu, a village sod auiall port, about 

 a mile B. from Borrowstowune>s, is in the parinh of Carriden. the 

 population of which in 1851 wa* 1724. A good deal of coal is shipped 

 here. Lime aud manure are imported. DaUiieny, a sniitll village ia 

 tbe parish of Dahnany : population of the |>ari*h 1243. Near it ia 

 Dalmeny Park, the seat of the K ' ^ I! ' ■" ' ' ii, a small 



agricultural village in the parish' the pariah 



1356. The village contains the r _. .„, i - , -urphiohen, 



the chief seat in Scotland of the Knights of isl. John of Jerusslem. 



UUtory, Antiquitiet, <t>c. — Iu the uotioes of the towns nnd villagM 

 in the present article, and iu those deacribed separately, are mentioned 

 the pr^cipal events connected with tlui oouuty, and the more reinark- 

 awe existing remains of former ages. 



JUligioiu Wortiip and Edwalion. — According to the Beturas of tha 

 Census of 1 S51, it appears that there were then in the oouuty 30 plaoea 

 uf woi'ship, of which 9 belonged to the Free Church. 8 to the Kttob- 

 lished Church, 5 to the United Presbyterian Church, 2 to Original 

 Seceders, 2 to Independents, 2 to the Evangelical Union, and 1 to 

 Mormons. The total number of sitting* |>rtivi<led was 12,048. Tha 

 number of Sabbath school* was 61, with 26(!6 scholar* ; of these 

 Hchools 18 belonged to the Kstabliahod Cliuroh, 12 to tha Free Church, 

 5 to the United Presbyterian Church, 2 to the Evangrliciil Union, and 

 1 to lioman Catholic*. The number of day suhool* was 60, of whisk 

 34 were public schools, with 3033 scliolard, aud 1(5 were private soboola. 

 with 814 soliolars. Of evening schools there were 10, with 244 scholars; 

 aud of litei-ary and scieotitic iii^titutiuns there were 7, with 832 

 memberH, and libraries contaiuing 6703 volumes. 



LINTON, Caoibridgesliire, a mitrk-ttowu aud the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, in the parish of Linton, is plca-iantly situatsd in 62° 1' 

 N. lat, 0° 16' E. long., distant lOJ miles b..S.K. from Cambriilge, and 

 48 miles N.N.E. from London. The population of the jiarifh of 

 Linton iu 1861 was 2061, The living is a vicarage in tbe archdeaconry 

 of Sudbury aud diocese of Ely. Linton Poor-Law Union contains 

 22 parishes and townships, with an area of 49,U22 acres, and a popu- 

 lutiou in 1861 of 14,161. 



The hous.s in Linton are generally low, nnd covered with thatoh j 

 a few are constructed of brick. There is a small market-houn^ 

 The (uu-ish churoli, which is ancient and commoiliois, has a lofty 

 embattled tower. The Independents and Primitive Metliodists have 

 chapels, and there are National aud British schools. A pig market ia 

 held un Thursday, Fairs are held on Ascension-day and en July 30th ; 

 the fair in July is a {treat sheep fair. In the neighbourhood are exten- 

 sive nursery-grounds and gardetis. Tlicre are some remains of con- 

 ventual buiUiiuj,-s at Barham, incorpoi-ated into Barham Hall, a country 

 seat for the Master uf Pembroke Uoll fur the time being. 



LINTON. [Dbvokshire; Pekblbs.] 



LINZ, the capital of Upper Austria, in 48° 19' N. lat, 14° 17' 

 E. loug., is agreeably situated at tlie junction of the Traun anil the 

 Danube, on tbe right bank of the latter river, over which there is a 

 wooden liridge 8C4 feet loug. It is divided iuto four sections, the 

 town and thiee suburbs. The old town consists of one long street, 

 aud is of much less extent than the suburbs. There are four gates 

 and three squares, in the largest of which there is ' the Trinity Column,' 

 erected by the emperor Charles VI. in 1723, and also two foimtain*. 

 Linz is on the whole well built, fur which it is not a little indebted to 

 several fires, after which the parts de«troy<'d have been always much 

 iaiproved ; this was especially tbe case after u very great lire in 1800, 

 which consumed the oouuty hall, the old palace of the dukes of 

 Atistria, and many other buildings. There are seven churches, the 

 largest of which is the cathedral. Other remarkable building* are 

 tha government-house; the new county hall, a very magnificent 

 edifice ; tbe Hof burg, or castle, built oti the site of the former palaoa 

 on a height above the town, aud now used as a prison ; the town-ball, 

 built iu 1414; tbe city brewery, the custom-house, the bank, the 

 theatre, aud the great imperial manufactory of woolleu-cloths and 

 CHrpets. Linz gives title to a bishop, and baa a gymnasium, with a 

 library of 26,000 volumee, 18 professors, and 3iid pupils; several 

 public schools, a deaf and dumb asylum, and many charitable institu- 

 tions. There are couKiilcrable manufactures of calico, dimity, silk, 

 tobacco, leather, gimpuwder, ftc. The population of the town and 

 suburbs is above 30,000. Linz is a place of oonaiderable trade, which 

 the railroad that ran* north to Budweis and south ta QmUnden, and the 

 steam navigation of the Danube have greatly increased. The fortifi- ' 

 cations of Ivinz, lately oouatracted on a new plan by Prince Maximilian 

 d'Este, consist of a aeries of 88 detached fuita, 23 on the right bank 

 and 9 on the left bank of the Danube, each at a distance of 1 mile to 

 8 miles from the town, round which they form a circuit of 9 miles, 

 being joined to each other by a covered way. Considerable additions 

 were made to the defences of the town in 1850. The town and 

 neighbourhood of Line are celebrated for attractive beauty of acooery. 

 Steamers ply reu'uhirly to Vieima, and iu summer up the river to 

 Paasau and iiatisbon. The city is tbe first station on the electro- 

 telegraphic route between Vienna aad weatem Jiurope, 



LIUN-LEliXJRET. [EcbbJ 



LI 'PARI ISLANDS, the ancient .£olian, or Liponsan Islands, are a 

 group of small islands, ritoated between Calabria and the northern 



