﻿LIPARI ISLANDS. 



LIPPE. 



SU 



coast of Sicily, between SS" 20' and 38° 50' N. lat, 14° 10' and 

 16° 13' E. long. They are mentioned by the ancient geographers as 

 seven in number. Strongyle (now Stroiuboli), so called from its round 

 form ; Lipara, now Lipari ; Hiera, or Vulcania, now Volcano ; Didyme, 

 now Saline; Phoenioodes, or Pboenicusa, now Felicndi ; Encodes, or 

 Ericuaa, now Alicudi ; and lastly Euonymoa, now Panaria, which had i 

 its ancient name from the fact that it lies to the left of one sailing 

 from Lipara to Sicily. There are several other smaller inlands, or 

 rather rocks, such as Liscanera, Basiluzza (supposed to be the ancient 

 Ilcaia), &e., adjacent to Panaria, which belong to the same group, but i 

 are tmiohabited and barrt-n. 



Stromboli, the most northern and the nearest to Calabria, is about 

 40 miles W. from the Qulf of Sant' Eufemia : it consists of a conical 

 mountain nearlr 3000 feet high, which is a constantly burning volcano | 

 and has veiy frequent eruptions. It rises abruptly from the sea on all 

 sides, except on the nortb-ea^t, where the declivity of the mountain 

 i« more gradual, and allows of a cultivated xpace between it and the 

 ■ea, which produces cotton, wheat, currants, figs, and wine, and is 

 inhabited by about 1200 people. The island is about 12 miles in 

 circuit. The flames of the erater are a constant light to the sailors in i 

 that sea. 



Panaria, about 10 miles S.W. from Stromboli, is an extinct volcano, I 

 the crater of which slopes on one side to the sea-shore. The 

 island is about 7 miles round, fertile, and well cultivated. Even the 

 fnnnel of the crater is cultivated by a population of about 200, who ! 

 arc also fishermen. 



Lipari, about 5 miles S.W. from Panaria, the largest and most i 

 important island in the eroup, is a bishop's see, and the residence I 

 of a military governor ; it is about 20 miles in circumference, and 

 contains about 12,500 inhabitants. It has several mountains with 

 volcanic craters now extinct, though they emitted flames in the 

 time of Strabo : it also contains mineral springs, and abundance of 

 pamice stone, brimstone, lara, obsidian, and other volcanic pro- 

 ducta. The land, which is very fertile, produces cotton, olives, 

 capers, and grapes, from which a luscious swrot muscat wine is 

 made. These products and dried raisins form the chief articles of 

 export. The inhabitants of Lipari are industrious. The town of 

 Lipari, which has a harbour, is on the eastern coast of the island ; it 

 contains a castle, several churches, and some remains of antiquity. 

 Lipari U said to have been colonised by Greeks from Cnidus ; it was 

 afterwards occupied by the Carthaginians, and became an important 

 station for their fleets during their occupation of Sicily. During the 

 first Punic war it came into possession of the Romvis. It was ravaged 

 by Kbsir Eddin Rarbarossa in the year 1944, who took the town and 

 oarried all the inhabitants into slavery. 



Two miles 3. from Lipari is Vtilcano, with a crater, not quite 

 extinct, which emits smoke ; the island is barren, with the eiceptiun 

 of a narrow strip along the south shore, which jit^lds grapes, flax, 

 ftruit, and wheat. Strabo mentions three volcanic vents which might 

 be considered as so many diflerent crater*; and he adds that the 

 largest ejected lava. The island is about 17 miles round. The great 

 orater near the middle of the island is a quarter of a mile round and 

 about a quarter of a mile deep. It was considered in ancient times to be 

 sacred to Vulcan, whence its name. At the north-east extremity of 

 Vulcano, and united to it by a narrow isthmus formed of volcanic 

 sand and ashes, is a rooky moss called Vulcaneilo, which emits smoke, 

 and contains two small craters. 



Four miles N.W. from Lipari is the island of Saline, 16 miles in 

 drcamference, with several villages, and about 4000 inhabitants. It 

 consists of two mountains separated by a deep valley which runs from 

 north to south, and being seen in that direction at a distance from the 

 sea, it has the appearance of bein(( divided into two islands, which is 

 the origin of its ancient name Didyme, or ' double.' The valley is 

 extremely fertile in wine, fruit, pulse. Ice. 



Ten miles W. from Saline is Ptlicudi, about 10 miles in circum- 

 fervnce, with a few hundred inhabitants ; it produces com, fruits, and 

 wine. It derived its ancient name from the palms (phoinikes) with 

 which it abounded. 



About 8 miles W. from Felieud! is the small island AlicvtU, the 

 most western of the Lifjari group : it is hilly and not very productive, 

 has some pastures, and about 200 inhabitants. [AlicudlJ 



The Islands of Lipari form part of the Intend«nza, or administra- 

 tivs provinoe, of Messina, Their volcanic origin was early noticed by 

 the Orseks. Ths peculiar noises that accompanied the internal com- 

 bustion of the isbicd of Hiera (whose flres seem to have been most 

 frequent and violent in ancient times) were ascribed to the hammers 

 and forges of Vulcan, who was supposed to have had his favourite 

 abode here. The intensity of the eruptions was supposed to vary with 

 the direction of the wiud, and from this indication and the gathering 

 of mists around its summit, the inhabitants of the neighbouring 

 island of Lipari professed to be able to foretell the wind and the 

 wratber. This pretension it is supposed gave rise to the fable of 

 iBolns ruling the winds, from which god the group obtained the name 

 of jfiuUcm Iriatid4. There are some ancient remains on several of the 

 islands. They all suffer from want of water, owing to the porous 

 nature of the volcanic soil. They abound in alum, sulphur, and 

 pamlcs ; and C')ral of the finest quaUty was andentlr found in the sea 

 atwottlMoi. 



(Pliny ; Strabo ; Thucydides ; Ortolani, Dizzionario Geoffrajico della 

 Sicilia ; Smith, Sicily; Daubeny, On Volcanoes.) 



LIPPE, a Gemaa principality, derived its name from the river Lippe, 

 on which the town of Lippe was built in the 12th century. The 

 ancestors of the family now reigning were reckoned in the 12th and 

 13th centuries among the 'Primates Westphalorum,' and were the 

 hereditary possessors of extensive estates. Simon VI., son of Bern- 

 hard VIII., count of Lippe (who died in 1563), divided hia possessions 

 among his three sons, of whom Simon VII. founded the line of 

 Detmold, Otto that of Brake, and Philip that of Buckeburg, or 

 Schaumburg. The line of Brake becoming extinct in 1709, Count 

 Adolphus of Lippe-Detmold took possession of the country without 

 regarding the rights of Buckebun; ; but the Imperial Aulic Council, 

 by judgments passed in 1734 and 1737, assigned half of the country 

 to Schauenburg-Lippe, and the two houses concluded a convention 

 in 1748. 



Lippe-Detmold, consisting of the counties of Lippe and'Sternberg, 

 and pait of that of Sohwaleuburg. forma a compact territory, situated 

 between 51° 45' and 52° 10' N. lat., 8° 84' ond 9° 20' E. long. It is 

 bounded E. by Hanover and Hesse-Cassel, and on all other sides by 

 Prussian Westphalia. The small bailiwick of Lipperode (half only 

 of which belonged to Lippe-Detmold till 1850, and the other half 

 to Prussia), with the town of Lippstadt, lies detached, being entirely 

 surrounded by Westphalia. On the 17th of May in the year just 

 mentioned Lippe-Detmold ceded its half of this bailiwick to Prussia 

 for a pension of 9000 thalers. The area of the principality is 486 

 squars miles, and the population at the end of 1849 was 104,674. 



The country is mouutainouK, and well woodeil. The wooded chain of 

 Osning, commonly called the Teutoburger-WaM, commencing from the 

 left bank of the Dimel near Stadtbergen in Westphalia, crosses the 

 circle of Paderbom under the name of the Egge, and enters Lippe- 

 Detmold at Horn, whence it extends into the county of Ravenaberg. 

 The Osning, here called the Lippescher-Wald, forms in the country 

 three chains running narallel to each other from south-east to north- 

 west, of which the first bounds the tract called the Senner Heath ; 

 the C'-ntral one, which is the highest, contains the celebrated Exter- 

 steine, wliicb are grotesque groups of sandstone rocks, wher* it is 

 supposed that the ancient Oerman priests performed their ceremonies 

 by moonlight; and the third is tumwl towards the valley of the 

 Werra. The Osning divides the valleys of the Rhine and the Weaer, 

 the streams on the right running into the latter, and those on the left 

 for the most part into the former river. The Weser, the only navig- 

 able river, just touches the northern frontier of the principality for a 

 short distance, and receives the Euimer, the Exter, the Werra, the 

 Bega, and some other small streams. The Ems riaes at the foot of the 

 Stapelagerberg, a branch of the Owning, crosses the Senner Heath, and 

 soon enters the province of Westphalia. The Lippe merely touches 

 the bailiwick of Lipperode and the town of Lippstadt. Vast forests 

 of oak, beech, and other timber clothe the higher parts of the moun- 

 tains, while on the slopes there is the finest arable land. The climate 

 is temperate, but the atmosphere is frequently loaded with fugs and 

 vapours ; the winter is cold and wet ; the summer, especially in the 

 Heath, very hot. The natural productions are com, flax, hemp, 

 potatoes, rapeseed, garden veget ibles, and timber. The inhabitants 

 have the common domestic animals, poultry, game, fish, and bees. 

 The mineral products are gypsum, lime, clay, marble, and freestone; 

 and there is a salt-spring from which 36,000 bushels of salt are annually 

 obtained. The staple productions are flax and timber, of which large 

 quantities are exported. The breeds of horned cattle and sheep are 

 good. Swine and goats are numerous. The horses bred on the Senner 

 Heath are hardy and spirited. There are no manufactures of any 

 importance. Thread, coarse yam, and linen are made in some parts; 

 there are likewise several tanneries, spirit-distilleries, paper-mills, 

 oil-mills, and saw-mills. The exports besides flax and timber are 

 cattle, linen, and meerschaum pipes manufactured at Lemgo. 



The religion of the prince and the great majority of the iuhabitants 

 is Calvinism ; the small remainder are Lutherans and Roman Catholics. 

 There is a gymnasium in Detmold and another in Lemgo. The govern- 

 ment is a represeutative monarchy. The contingent t6 the army of 

 the Oerman Confederation is 721 men. Lippe-Detmld, with Schauen- 

 burg-Lippe, R-uss, and Hesse-Homburg, hai the sixteenth vote in the 

 diet, and in the full council one vote of its own. 



Detmold, the capital, situated on the Werra, consists of the old 

 town, the new town, and a suburb ; the new town is well built, and 

 has some delightful public walks and gardens. The chief buildings 

 are the palace, the gymnasium, and the theatre. The town has a 

 training school, a public library, an hospital, manufactures of linen 

 and leather, and several breweries. Not ftir from the town, on a 

 summit of the Teutoburger-Wald, overlooking the reputed battle-field 

 in which the Roman loj;ions under Varus were defeated by the Germans 

 under Arminins, a colossal statue in copper of the latter hero has 

 been recently erected on a pedestal 40 feet high. The number of the 

 inhabitants is about 5000. Lemgo, on the B ga, a walled town with 

 seven gates, has 4000 inhabitants, who carry on various manufactures, 

 especially of woollen, linen, leather, and tobacco-pipes, of which the 

 last is very considerable. 



Schauenburg-Lippe, frequently written Schaumburg-Lippe, consists 

 of four bftUiwieks in the ooonty of Bchauenburg and three ia ths 



