﻿LIBI& 



LISBURN. 



eonntjr of Lippe, which are suiroandtd by Hanover, the HeMian part 

 of Scbaa«nHurg, Lippe-Detmold, and Wntphalia. It jr 210 Kqiiare 

 milea in extent The population at the en') uf 1832 was 30,236. The 

 oountrjr, which ia in general mouutainoue, has no rivers except small 

 affluents of the Weaer: the St«in-hude Lake is about 5 miles long, 2^ 

 miles broad, and at mort 6 feet drep. The country produces com, 

 pulse, potatoes, turnips, rape-seed, flax, fruit, timber, homed cattle, 

 sbaap^ swino^ goats, bones, poultry, game, and fish. Its mineral pro- 

 dnets are ooab and lime. The rerenue amounts to 130,000 thalers. 

 The country has an assembly of estates, which consists nf 13 members, 

 and meets annually. The chief town and re8id"noe of the prince is 

 Badttburg, on the Aa, which has a population of 2.''>00. It is a wallel 

 town entorsd by Ave gates, and has a castle, a gymnasium, a normal 

 school, a public library, an orphan-house, &c., but no remarkable 

 buildings. SchauenburgLippe, na a member of the German Confede- 

 ration, has one Tote in the general council and part of the sixteenth 

 Tote with Lippe-Detmold, Ac, as above stated. Its contingent to the 

 federal army i« 210 men. 



LIRIS. [Lavoro, Terba dl] 



LISBELI.AW. [Febmanaqh.] 



LISBON (Lubia in Portuguese), n city, capital of the kincfdom of 

 Portugal and of the province of Estremadura, is situated on the 

 northern bank of the Tagus (Tejo) about 12 miles from the mouth of 

 the river, in 88° 42' X. lat., 9° 8' W. long. The population is about 

 280,000. 



The broad ecstuary of the Tagus gives to Lisbon an exteuHive and 

 •afe haitraur, in which the largest ships of war can anchor close to the 

 dty. From the suburb of Belem up to the westem end of Lisbon 

 the Tagus is little more than a mile in width, but opposite the centra 

 of Lisbon it widens oonsideraViIy, the left or southern bank tumin'; 

 suddenly to the south near the town of Almndi, and f irmins; a wide 

 bay or reach about 5 or 6 miles in breadth, and extending far to the 

 nortb-«ast. In this deep lake-like expansion of the river nil the fleets 

 of Eorope might be anchored beyond the range of cannon from either 

 shore. The southern bank of the river, which is hilly about Almada, 

 baoomes low higher up, and is swampy at low water; it ia however 

 ■tedded with small towns and villages, which keep up a constant 

 traffio with Lisbon, supplying it with fruits, vegetables, wine, &.C., 

 besides being the medium of intercourse between the capital and the 

 ■oothem provinces of the king<lom, and also with Spain by the poiit- 

 road of Badajos. The entrance of the river is defended by Fort 

 St. Julian (Forte S3o JuliSo) on the north bank, and by Fort Biigio 

 on a low point of rock near the south bank; higher up it is protected 

 by the Tower of Belem (Torre de Belem) and by several batteries on 

 both hanka. To the north the city is protected by mountains, which, 

 rising in suooeasive ranges, end abruptly near Torres Vedras, in a line 

 extending from the sea-ooast to Albandra on the Tagus. On three of 

 these ridges were oonstrocted the series of entrenchments and fortified 

 poaitions called the Lines of Torres Vedras. 



The city ri^e* from the bank of the river in the form of an amphi- 

 theatre, lieing built on a succession of hills, the highest of which are 

 the hill of Bona Ares, or Rstrella, to the west, and the Caatle-Hill to 

 the east. Host of the streets are steep, irregular, and tortuous, 

 besides being ill paved and dirty. One part of the city however, 

 which has been entirely rebuilt since the great earthquake of 1755, is 

 regular and handsome ; it lies on even ground in a valley which runs 

 in a direction at right ani^lei to the river, between the Castle Hill to 

 the east, and the hills of San Francisco and Do Carmo on the west. 

 This space contains about eight or nine well-built parallel streets, 

 some of them, such as the Rua Augusta, tolerably wide, and nearly 

 half a mile in length, containing the best shops in Lisbon, especially 

 those of the goldsmiths, ailrenmiths, and jewellers. These streets 

 are crossed at right angles by other streets, and they terminate on the 

 river side in a handsome square called Prafa de Commercio, one side 

 of which is formed by the Tagns, and the other sides by the Arsenal, 

 the Ciistom-House, the Exchange, Royal Library, and other public 

 buildings. This square is adorned with a bronce statue of king 

 Joseph I. At the opposite or north end of the above-mentioned 

 streets are two squares, the Pra^a da Figueira, or market-place, and 

 the Prafa do Rocio, the latter of which is bounded on one side by the 

 ooaTsot of Sao Domingo and the massive buildings formerly occupied 

 by the Inquisition. Farther north, going towards the country, is the 

 Piaaio Publico, or promenade, which however is small, snd very 

 inferior to the public gar<lens of other large capitala 



The eastern pnrt of Lisbon, which lies at the foot of and beyond 

 the OBstle, consists of narrow irregular ill-paved streets, with a neat 

 booM bars and there. Thin is the oldest part of Lisbon, and the 

 hoosM are high and old-faiihione<l. It is remarkable, that while the 

 earthquake destroyed all the buildings in the valley, it spared the 

 booses built on the steep declivity of the hilL 



To th« westward of the new streets the town rises on the steep 

 dedirita of a sticceoion of bills, with a few good streets and open 

 pUoie bare and there, espeoially along the river side, the rest of the 

 ■ fa ea h i bcinc narrow, crooked, and filthy. Here and there are masnive 

 baUdiD^i, cUefly oonvente and churches, which crown the summits of 

 the hills and tower above all the rest 



Lisbon being aa open town, and its suburb* very long and strag- 

 gling in variooa direotions, it is not easy to define its limits. Its 



Western boundary however is generally fixod at the stnam of Alcantara, 

 which falls into the Tagus; and thence to the eastern extremity of 

 the town the length in a strai;;ht line is between 8 and 4 miles, not 

 reckoning the sinuosities of the ground : the width of the town from 

 the Tagus inland varies from a mile to a mile and a half, not including 

 the loni; strsggling lines of houses which extend along the approaches 

 to the town. 



The whole of the area thus described is however far from being thickly 

 covered with buildings ; many parts are occupied by gardens, planta- 

 tions, the naked steep declivities of the hilla, and by ruins and rubbish. 

 In fact almost every house of any pretension has its little garden, or 

 rather grape-terrace ; and many portions of the city are ooonpied by 

 ruins, which have been allowed to remain in the same stste of desola- 

 tion as that to which they were reduced by the earthquake. The 

 district of Bons Ares, along the slope of the western hill, is the least 

 densely built, and contains many pleasant and healthy residences with 

 gardens, which are mostly occupied by foreigners. West of the bridge 

 of Alcantara a line of streets parallel to the Tagus connects Lisbon 

 with Belem, or Bethlehem, which is resorted to as a bathing-place. In 

 its square stands a fine old church, with extensive conventual buildings 

 adjoining, and here there is a royal rexiilenoe. A new palace called the 

 Ajuda has recently been constructed on an elevation north of Belem. 



The most striking buildings of Lislwn are its vast and massive 

 convents, which crown the hilln, and look like palaces and fortreaset. 

 Before the suppression of the monasteries in 1835 they gave to Lisbon 

 a monkish appearance. Most uf the churches belonging to them have 

 since been converted into parish churches, and the conventual buitdinga 

 applied to other purposes. 



The principal public buildings are : — The castle and citadel of 

 St Qeorge, occupying the highest summit in the city ; the old cathe- 

 dral, near the ostle ; several churches ; the Custom-House ; the 

 Exchange ; the Royal Library ; several prisons ; five theatres ; an 

 English church, with a handsome cemetery adjoining; schools of 

 various kinds ; a museum of natural history ; and a botanic garden. 

 The Arsenal was formerly one of the finest establishments of the kind 

 in Europe : it contained all kinds of naval and military stores in abun- 

 dance. It ia now on a reduced scale, but has a foundry for casting 

 cannon and a manufactory of fire-arms ; there is also a large dock- 

 yard. 



The Aqueduct (Os Arcos das Agoas Livres) which supplies Lisbon 

 with water is not surpassed in boldness of design and grandeur of 

 efiect by any similar work of art The water is brought from several 

 springs situated ne:y the village of Bellas, 9 miles N.W. from Lisbon. 

 The aqueduct is in part conducted underground; but on approaching 

 Lisbon it passes across a deep valley, and the water is carried over a num- 

 ber of lofty arches for a length of about 2400 feet. The water enters 

 the town on the north-west, at a place called Amoreira, where is the 

 reservoir (Depositorio das Agoas Livres) from which the water is 

 distributed Co the several fountains of the city. The Qallegos draw 

 water in small barrils from the fountains and sell it from house to 

 house or cry it about the streets. 



The population of Lisbon is much mixed, consisting of people from 

 every province of Portugal, who come there in quest of employment, 

 of a number of blacks and men of colour from the colonies, and of 

 numerous Qallegos, or porters and water-carriers from Qalicia, and 

 other foreigners. The luwer classes live poorly, and are dirty in their 

 appearance. There are crowds of beggars and vagrants. The women 

 of Lisbon wear on their heads a plain muslin kerchief folded in a 

 three-cornered shape. Many of the ladies have adopted the Spanish 

 mantilla. 



The police is still very imperfect, and the streets are but partially 

 and imperfectly lighted at night Lisbon is not provided with con- 

 duits or sewers, and all the filth is thrown into the streets, from which 

 it is washed ofi° by the rain into the river. 



The climate of Lisbon ia healthy and genial ; it is very hot and dry 

 in the summer months, when the heat is often 96° of Fahrenheit, but 

 is relieved by north-west winds ; heavy rains fall in Xovembfr and 

 December ; cold clear weather prevails in January, but in Febraary 

 the weather becomes mild again, aud the spring begins. Snow is a 

 very rare occurrence. 



The commerce and trade of Lisbon, though much diminished since 

 the loss of Brazil, are still considerable. It exports wine, fruits, and 

 oil ; and it imports com, salt fish, salt butter, cheese, timl>er, iron, 

 lead, tin, copper, cosls. tar, and all sorts of foreign manufactures, 

 with which it supplies the whole southern part of the kingdom. 

 Lisbon has some manufactories of silks, paper, soap, and leather ; its 

 goldsmiths and jewellers are very expert ; and there are also sugar- 

 refineries and potteries. The laziness and want of industry of the 

 Portuguese have been much exaggerated by travellers. 



A great portion uf Lisbon was destroyed by an earthquake in 1755, 

 The number of persons killed amounted to 60,000. 



(Kiusey, Portugal llluilraltd ; MiBano, Diccionario Otographko ; 

 Link, Trareli in Portugal, a good work of the end of the last century ; 

 Alexander, Sketcha of PortMgal, 1834 ; Portugal and Oalieia, 1836 ; 

 Baxter, The Tagut and the Tiber, 1852. See also Map of Liekon, by 

 the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.) 



LISBURN, Ireland, a market- and poft-town, a parliamentary 

 borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in the midst 



