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LITRY. 



the dialects, aa the population by which it is spoken resisted the 

 German iuvadTS. There is in that dialect a Protestant Bible trans- 

 lated by Chilinski, published at London in 1660, and many other 

 religious works. 



The second principal dialect of the Lithuanian is the Lettonian, or 

 the Livonian, which is sometimes called the Curouian. It is spoken 

 in the greatest part of Livonia, in Courland, and a part of the govern- 

 ment of Vitepsk, which was formerly called Polish Livonia. It 

 differs from the other Lithuanian dialects in having an admixture 

 of Finnish words, which is peculiar to this dialect. It is subdivided 

 into several minor dialects, of which that which is spoken about 

 Mittau and Riga is considered the best; and it has been used for 

 the translation of the Bible, and for the composition of several 

 religious works. There is at the University of Dorpat a chair of this 

 language. 

 LITRY. [Calvados.] 

 LITTLE BELT. [Bem.] 

 LITTLEHAMPTON. [Sobskx.] 

 LITTLEPORT. [CAUBBiDOBsmBE.] 

 LIVADIA. [B<EOTiA.l . 



LIVERPOOL, Lancashire, a sea-pori, market-town, municipal and 

 parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated 

 on the right bank of the river Mersey, in 63° 23' N. lat, 2° 64' 

 W. long., distant 63 mile* S. by W. from Lancaster, 31 miles W. by S. 

 from Manchester, 206 miles N.W. from London by road, and 201 miles 

 by the London and North- Western railway. The population of the 

 parliamentary and municipal borough of Liverpool in 1851 was 

 373,955. The borough is governed by 16 aldermen and 48 councillors, 

 one of whom is mayor ; and returns two members to the Imperial 

 Parliament. The livings are in the archdeaconry of Liverpool and 

 diocese of Chester. Liverpool Poor-Law Union consists of the parish 

 of Liverpool, which has an area of 1830 acres, with a population in 

 1841 of 223,054, in 1851 of 255,055. 



The etymology of the name Liverpool is popularly derived from a 

 bird called the liver, or lever, which is said to have frequented the 

 marshy pool that existed on what is now the site of the lower portion 

 of the town. In conformity with this tradition, the corporate »eal 

 bean the figure of a bird, which, as there represented, resembles the 

 tfloMy ibis, a species now almost if not altogether extinct. The name 

 DM* also been ascribed, with considerable probability, to the Welsh 

 words Ll^r pwll, signifying ' place on the pool,' and it is certain that 

 anciently the whole restuary of the Mersey was called Lyrpul, Lyr- 

 poole, or Litherpoole. It is believed that the first castle of Liverpool 

 was built by Roger of Poictiers, and this was probably the origin of 

 an English town and port, which have become next to London the 

 greatest, in commercial importance, of any in the world. The castle, 

 which had been enlarged and strengthened by king John, was deetroyed 

 in compliance with an Act passed in 1659 ; it occupied the site npon 

 which now stands St. George's church. Liverpool received its first 

 charter, in 1173, from Henry II. ; a second charter was conferred by 

 king John in 1207 ; ami a third, constituting the town a free borough 

 for ever, was granted by Henry III. in 1227. During the contest 

 between Charles I. and his Parliament, Liverpool held out for 24 days 

 against the army under Prince Rupert ; but the town being then 

 taken, many of the garrison and inhabitants were put to death ; and 

 the ravages of pestilence and famine closely followed those of the 

 ■word. In the year 1699, Liverpool was constituted a separate 

 parish ; up to that period, it had been a chapelry attached to the 

 pariah of Walton, and its population at the time was about 6000. 

 Ten years afterwards, an act was passed for constructing the first dock 

 ever formed in Liverpool: this old dock was filled up in 1826, and 

 the present magnificent structure called Revenue Buildings, compris- 

 ing the custom-bouse, stamp-, dock-, and post-offices, which cost 

 284,0O0{.. stands upon the site. For nearly half a century two wet 

 docks and a graving dock sufficed fur the trade of Liverpool ; a third 

 was formed soon after the accession of George III., forthe convenience 

 of the shipping employed in the African and West India trades. The 

 chief exports then consisted of hardwares, cutlery, and woollen goods. 

 These were shipped in slave sbi|>s to the coast of Africa, where they 

 were bartered for negroes, who were conveyed to the West India 

 plantations ; the ships retnmini; thence loaded with suEar and rum. 

 Id 1764, more than half the African slave trade was carried on by the 

 me/chauts of Liverpool ; but that traffic has happily been suppressed, 

 while ample compensation has been obtained by the town in the im- 

 portation of cotton, palm-oil, toKicco, and breadstuSs. Cotton fonns 

 the chief staple of the commerce of Liverpool. Of palm-oil the 

 importe haTe increased since 1807, the year following the suppression 

 of the sUve trade, from less than 200 tons to about 30,000 tons a 

 year. In 1660, there were only 16 ships, mostly sloops and schooners, 

 belonging to the port ; about a century Inter, the number bad risen 

 to above 400, although at the latter period there were but three 

 inns in the town, and not a single stage coach came nearer than 

 W»rrin'.?toD. 



Th.- progress of Liverpool as a commercial port may be traced from 

 the folluwJBg tabiM, compiled from the ' Entry Office ' documents at 

 the cui>toa>i£onse. 



Statement, showing the amount of Coatoms Receipts at Tarious 

 p«rio<U tut Um last lUO jraan : — 





LIVERPOOL. 



KO 



Ye«v. 



Customs Receipt. 



Year. Customs Kceeipt. 



1750 . 



. £215,961 



1820 . 



£1.488,073 



1760 



. . 218,312 



1830 



3,562,114 



1770 ■ 



231,994 



1835 . 



4,272,847 



1780 



. . 188,830 



1840 



4,607,326 



1793 . 



469,433 



1845». 



3,434,521 



1800 



, . 1,058,478 



1850 



3,366,284 



1810 . 



. 2,675,766 



1851 . 



. 3,510,033 



In the year 1853, the declared value of British and Irish produce 

 and manufactures exported from Liverpool, amounted to 47,152,194i. ; 

 the exports from London during 1853 being under 23 millioua, of 

 Hull under 11 millions, and of Glasgow less than 5 millions. 

 Imports of American cotton into Liverpool : — 



In the year 1785 there were imported 5 bales. 

 „ 1786 „ 6 „ 



" 1787 „ 108 „ 



From this period the cotton trade increased with almost inconceiv- 

 able rapidity, as will be seen from the statement of annual imports, 

 taken at decennial periods, commencing with the present century : — 

 In 1601 there were imported 98,752 bales of cotton. 

 „ 1811 „ 174.132 



„ 1821 „ 413,182 



„ 1831 „ 791,582 „ 



„ 1841 „ 1,164,369 



The relative importance of Liverpool vrith all other ports in Great 

 Britain, as regards the cotton trade, is indicated by the fact that 

 1,673,005 bales of cotton were received at Liverpool in the year 1850, 

 while only 176,200 were received at all other ports of Great Britam; 

 in 1861 the respective quantities were 1,748,916 bales at Liverpool, 

 and 154,609 at all other British ports. 



Of tobacco the total quantity imported into Liverpool m 1851 was 

 10,041 hhds. ; the weight of unmanufactured tobacco on which duty 

 was paid in that year was 26,611,165 lbs. 



The number of vessels registered as belonging to the port of Liver- 

 pool on December 31st, 1853, was :— Sailing-vessels, under 50 tons 232, 

 tonnage 8019 ; above 60 tons 1786, tonnage 704,342 ; steam-vessels, 

 under 50 tons 24, tonnage 873 ; above 50 tons 102, tonnage 24,326. 

 The number of vessels which entered and cleared at the port during 

 1853, with the amount of their tonnage, was :— In the coasting trade, 

 sailing-vesseU inwards 7046, tonnage 622,499 ; outwards 7090, tonnage 

 467,919 : steam-vessels, inwards 2728, tonnage 893,351 ; outwards 

 2841, tonnage 884,678. In the colonial and foreign trade there entered 

 and cleared, of sailing- and steam-vessels :— Inwards 2635 British, 

 tonnage 1,102,965, and 1822 foreign, tonnage 902,976 ; outwards 2965 

 British, tonnage 1,171,840, and 2012 foreign, tonnage 977,442. 



Numerous railways and canals diverge from Liverpool to all parts 

 of England, Scotland, and the richest parU of Wales, by which the 

 imported ppjduce of foreign nations as well as the vast products of 

 the manufiicturingdUtricts, and the mineral treasures of the surround- 

 ing counties are conveyed to and from Liverpool as the grand com- 

 mercml centre of the three kingdoms. Ti.e Leeds and Liverpool 

 Canal is 128 miles long; the Mersey and Irwell navigation, notwith- 

 sUnding the competition of the railways, still conveys both goods 

 and pawengers to and from Manchester; the Duke of Bndgewaters 

 Canal connects the Mersey with Birmingham and Staffordshire ; the 

 Ellesmere Canal, through the western part of Cheshire, communicates 

 with North Wales ; and the river Weaver navigation communicates 

 with the salt district and the heart of Cheshire. These were indeed 

 all important auxiliaries to the progress of Liverpool before the con- 

 struction of railways. Now, an uninterrupted line of railway 

 communication U open from Liverpool to Hull, thus praoticallyjoming 

 the Irish Sea to the German Ocean. By one or other of the lines 

 having their termini within the town, not only the metropolis, but 

 any place of importance in England, Scotland, or Wales, may be 

 reached by railway direct from Liverpool ; whence electric tele- 

 graph messages may be exchanged with most railway towus m Great 

 Britain and Ireland. lu 1845, the Liverpool and Manchester and the 

 Grand Junction railway united with the Lon^lon and Birmingham 

 liue, the united compauies assuming the title of the Londou and North- 

 western railwav company. This liue has a very handsome and com- 

 modious terminus in Lime-street. The East Lancashire and the 

 Lancashire and Yorkshire lines have a joint terminus in Tithebarn- 

 street, which is also an elegant and substantial structure. Tina is like- 

 wise used as the office of the Liverpool and Southport Une. The 

 Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire junction railway, on the opposite 

 shore of the Mersey, connects Liverpool with Holyhead and the 

 iutervening towns of Chester and Bangor; as well as with Shrewsbury 

 and the mineral districts of South Wales : and the vast and important 

 coal-fields of Lancashire and Cheshire are connected by a goods railway 

 from Liverpool to Runcorn. , . . j e 



Liverpool has benefited more than any port in the kingdom tn 

 the aiiplication of steam-power to navi,'ation. Two niagi.iiicent In 

 of transatlantic mail steamships called the British aud Nort|. Amern.au 

 line, belonging to Cunard and Co., and the United States line, beloiig- 

 • At IhU period the dutiM were taken off ooUon-wool and many other raw 

 matsrlals. 



from 

 De3 



