﻿LIVOBKO. 



LLAjrDA.FF. 



eontain* > RoaUn and • LuOiann ehurdi, • town-hall, public loliool, 

 •B hoaoitaL and about 1500 inhabiUnta. Pemau i» a well-built 

 fortiflad town and port, with 10,000 iuhabitanta, at the mouth of lh« 

 Potmo, which flowi from th* Winierw Lake, and falls into the 

 Dorth-eaatern part of the Qulf of Lironia. Only Toueli of G f.-et 

 drangh can come np to the town ; thoae of larger sice anchor in the 

 roada abont a mile from the harbour, where they are unloaded by 

 SgfatataL The axporta are chiefly oom, flax, and hemp; the importa 

 nnniiit of wine, bnmdy, alt, drogi, and Tarioua kinds of manufactured 

 gooda. The total valiie of the exporU in 1843 was 10S,016{. 16«. id., 

 which rapreaanta the freight of 75 ships of 4-451 tons burden. 

 Wimdtm, N.B. of Riga, aituated on the Aa. which drains the eentre of 

 the proTinoe, has a population of 850a The fortress of J>ilnamtmdt, 

 built on an island, in the aestuary formed by the embouchures of the 

 Diina and the Aa, deaerres mention for its lighthouse, and as 

 defending the entiaaee to the harbour of Ri^a. 



LIVOUNO (Legfaon in English, Livoume in French) is a sea-port 

 town on the west coast of Italy, in the grand-duchy of Tuscany. It 

 ■taods at the southern extremity of a low and partly marehy plain, 

 14 mile* S. by W. from Pisa, and 45 miles W. by 8. from Florence, 

 (in 43° S3' K. Ut, 10° 19' E. long.), with which cities it is connected 

 by railway, and has about 05,000 inhabitants. 



The town is regularly built, clean, and lighted with gns ; the streets 

 are wide and mostly straight, and there is a fine square in tlie middle 

 of the town. The western district, called La Mora Venezia, is inters 

 aeeted with canals, by which goods are carried in boats from the 

 shipping in the harbour and landed before the warehouses of the 

 merofaanta. Many of the private houses are handsome, uniting 

 external elegance n-ith interior comfort. The shops are well supplied 

 with gooda, and fitted up in good taste. The religious edifices are 

 numerous, comprising a gothic cathedral and six parish churches, 

 besides sevenl chapels for different sects of Protestants, a mosque, 

 and a synngogue. There are also three hospitals, two monti-di-pielii, a 

 public library, an observatory, and a citadel. The natural insalubrity 

 of the site has been in a great measure remedied by effectual drain- 

 age ; and good water is brought to the town by means of an aqueduct 

 12 miles long. Of all the towns in the Mediterranean perhaps Livomo 

 most resembles an English town ; the English and Lutherans have 

 chapels and burying-grounds, the Qreeks and Armenians have each a 

 church, and the Jews (who number about 8000 of the inhabitants) a 

 very handsome synagoguCL The Englixh burying-ground, situated on 

 the ramparts, is adorned with numerous marble monuments — among 

 others is one to Smollett, who died here. The town itself is little 

 more than 2 miles in circumference ; bnt two large suburbs, one beyond 

 the north or Pisa gate, and the other to the south, called Borgo 

 Cappuceini, have gradually increased to the size of towns, and have 

 been lately included within the boundaries of the Porto Franco, 

 wherein goods can be landed and warehoused, and exported again 

 without paying duty. The outer mole, which is more than a mile in 

 length, and joins the lighthouse, affords a pleasant walk. The harbour 

 is tolerably large, but not sufficiently deep for laige vessels, which lie 

 in the road st ead, where the anchorage is safe and good. The road- 

 stead is between the harbour and the Meloria sand-bank, so named from 

 the rocky islet of Meloria, the Mienaria of Pliny, on which a tower 

 sow stands. The Darsena, or interior harbour or dock, is only fit for 

 ■mailer vessels. Near the Daraena is a fine colossal statue of Ferdi- 

 nand I., the benefactor of Livomo. The lazsarettos, of which there 

 are threey outside of the town and on the sea-shore, are remarkable 

 for their exeelleot distribution and perfect security, being mrronnded 

 by wet ditohes, and furnished with extenaive warehoosee and eon- 

 venient lodgings. 



Livomo is entirely a eommercial place; being a free port it is 

 better stocked with English and French manufactures than any other 

 town on the continent It has a casino, or assembly-house, a theatre, 

 very good inns and coffee-houses, and numerous elementary and infant 

 ■ehoola Among the population are individuals of every nation in 

 Karope, besides Turks, Moors, Armenians, and Jews from Africa and 

 Asia. Thirty-three foreign consuls rvside at Leghorn. 



Livomo is first mentioned as a village, parish, and fort adjacent to 

 Porto Plaano, or the harbour of Pisa, in the 11th century. It was 

 *»»aged in the wars between Oenoa and Pisa, was taken iHMsession of 

 W tiie Visoonti of Milan, and afterwards by the French General 

 Seoeicanlt, who sold it in 1407 to the Genoese for 26,000 golden 

 ^■o**a. The Florentines, who purchased it from Oenoa in 1421 for 

 100,000 golden florins, established shipbuilding docks and surrounded 

 the ptaee with walls. As the neighbouring Porto Pisano became 

 g»Jnal>y filled up [Abho] the importance of Livomo as a port 

 inersaaed in proportion. But the great increase of Livomo took plaoe 

 noder the dynaHy of the MedioL The grand-duke Cosmo I. granted 

 to all new settlers numerous and important privileges and immtmitiea, 

 built a mole and lizhthouae, and made the harbour the station of 

 the galleys of the miliUry order of Hi. Stefano, whose avocation was 

 to emiae against the Musnilroans. His snoceesor Ferdinand I. greatly 

 extsnded the improvements begun by Cosmo ; he raised reguUr forti- 

 fications roond the town, built warehouses, a fortress, a Ucaaretta, and 

 aameniaa other buildings, and excavated a navigable canal oommu- 

 ■ieating witli the Arao. He confirmed the privileges and immunities 

 to Mew settlera granted by Ooamo, and published an indnlto, dated the 



10th of June 1593, by which merohants of all nations and of every 

 religion were invited to come and settle at Livomo, without fear of 

 being molested on aooount of their religion. 



During the first years of the war of the French Revolution, the 

 neutrality adopted by the grand-dake Fenlinand, whilst all the reek 

 of Europe was at war, favoured grsatly tli" commerce of L^ghoro. 

 When Bonaparte however invaded Italy in 1796, ho did not respeot 

 the neutrality of Tuscany, but seised npon all English, Portuguese, 

 Neapolitan, and Austrian property at Lef;hora. In 1808 Napoleon 

 occupied Tuscany and annexed it to the French empire. Upon this, 

 the trade of Livomo was annihilated, but with the peaee of 1814 ita 

 prosperity returned. Population and buildings have rapidly increased. 

 The immunities of the Porto Franoo have been extended to the 

 wnburbs, an aqueduct and railways have been constructed, and other 

 improvements have been effected. The town was taken by the 

 Austrians under General A»pr6, May 13, 1849 ; and it was for a long 

 time subsequently occupied by an Austrian garrison. 



The imports into Livomo are either for consumption or for deposit. 

 In the first place, Livomo supplies with foreign goods Tuscany, 

 Lucca, part of the Roman States, and partly also Modena and Parma. 

 In the last century it used to supply Lombardy also, but Trieste has 

 supplanted Livomo in this branch of trade. The depoait trade of 

 Livomo was also in the last century more extensive than it is now. 

 The English, Dutch, American, and other ships from the AUantio 

 carried thither manufactures and colonial goods, and exchanged them 

 for cotton, silk, and other produce of the Levant, which were brought 

 to Livomo by Italian and Greek vessels. This relation of things is 

 nnw materially altered. Commerce is beoouie more direct : the 

 English, American, and other vessels from the waat proceed straight 

 to the Levant and the Black Sea to exchange their cargoea. Still the 

 transit trade of Livomo is considerable; its warehouses arc always 

 well supplied, and it is a convenient place especially for the smaller 

 vessels fh>m the coasts of Italy and its islands to take in their 

 cargoes. 



The total number of vessels that entered the harbour, including 

 the ships of foreign countries and 1280 coasters in 1840, amounted to 

 4181 (868,820 tons), ami the departures in the same year numbered 

 4017 (354,050 tons). The total value of the trade of Leghorn in 1840 

 amounted to 4,784,40W. (imports, 2,928,000i.; exports, 1,856,400/.). 

 In 1839 the imports were valued at 3,039,2001.; the exports at 

 2,022,4002. The principal articles of import are com, tissues of 

 cotton hemp, and wool ; sugar, raw and manufactured silks, bronm 

 work, and jewellery ; «Ut fish, skins, and hides ; hemp, flax, and 

 cotton ; coffee and coooa ; iron and other metals ; wool, dyestufls, 

 drugs, gnms, spices, wine, brandy, mm, ka. Many of these articles 

 also appear among the exports, which comprise also oil, salt of tartar, 

 paper uad rags, straw hats, marble and alabaster, works of art, timber, 

 cork, coral, tallow, anchovies, potashes, wool, ftc. 



Sixty coral boats are sent out annually to gather ooral on the 

 coasts of Barbary and S:irdinia ; half the produce is exported raw, 

 the remainder is worked up into various articles at Leghorn in 16 ooral 

 factories. There are also numerous establishments in the city for 

 the manufacture of leather, woollen caps, ropes, soap, glass bottle*, 

 crystals, wax, tallow candles, rream of tartar, borax, and sulphur. 

 Ship-building gives employment to many bands ; both steamer* and 

 sailing-veesela are turned out of the yards of Legfaom. Thera is a 

 joint stock t>ank which issues notes and discounts bills. In the year 

 1853 there belonged to the port of Legbom and its dependencies 

 504 vessels of all sixes, with a tonnage of 20,761. 



To the south of Leghom are the rugged hills of Montenero, the 

 slopes of which are dotted with the conutry houses of the Livoroese 

 merohants. Livomo gives name to a department of Tuscany, which 

 includes the isle of Uorgona, and has a total area of 38 square miles ; 

 the population of the department including that of the city was 

 85,834 in 1842. Oorgona is a small rooky and wooded island, situated 

 between Leghom and Corsica, about 8 miles in oirouit, and inhabited 

 by a few famiUes who are engaged in the anchovy fisheries, for which 

 its coasts are famous. A signal tower on the highest point of the 

 ishuid «tan<ls in 43° 26' 50" N. lat., 9° 64' 43" E. long. Oorgona is 

 the ancient Gorgon or Cigo ; it is about 20 miles from the mainland. 



LIXNAW. (KrnBT.] 



LIZAUO POINT. [CORNWALI.] 



L.llINOAN-KI,K. [Anqeruamnlakd.] 



UUSNAN-ELK. [Sweden.] 



LLANAKTH. [CARDKiAKBiiniE.] 



LLANBADARN-VAWR. [Cabdioamshirb.] 



L4LANDERKI8. [Caerharvoxbhire.] 



LLANDAFF, Glamorganshire, the seat of a bishopric, in the parish 

 of Llandciff, is situated on the right bank of the river Taafe, or Taff, 

 in 51" SO' N. lat., 3° 12' W. long., distant about 2 miles W.N.W. from 

 Cardiff, and 168 miles W. from London. The population of the 

 parish of LUndsff in 1851 was 1821. The living is a vicarage 

 attached to the cathedral church of the diocese of Llandaff. 



Llandaff (Llan TAf, the church of the Tftf), though of episcopal 

 rank, is scareely mora than a village ; it contains two mansions, and 

 one or two respectable but small dwelling-houses, with a numtier of 

 cottagea. The cathedral stands in a hollow by the river, at a little 

 distance from the TilUg*. The limits of the edifice were oontiaoted 



